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Microbial Community Structure and Diversity in Drinking Water Supply, Distribution Systems as well as Household Point of Use Sites in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia.

Understanding ecology of microbiomes in drinking water distribution systems is the most important notion in delivering safe drinking water. … Escherichia, and Actinobacteria, as well as eukaryotic microbes like Cryptosporidium, Hartmannella, Acanthamoeba, Aspergillus, and Candida were also abundant taxa found along the distribution systems. The shift in microbial community structure from source to point of use locations was influenced by basic factors such as residual chlorine, intermittent water su …

Adjunctive Photoactivated Chromophore for Keratitis-Corneal Cross-Linking for Refractory Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis During Pregnancy: A Case Report.

Management of severe infectious keratitis during pregnancy is challenging because rapid control of a sight-threatening infection must be bal … tact lenses yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas polymerase chain reaction testing for fungi and Acanthamoeba was negative. Following consultation with the obstetric team, intensive topical amikacin and vancomycin, topical atropine, and intravenous ceftazidime were administered. Although the hypopyon resolved and anterior chamber inflammation substantially …

Etiological characteristics of 3,691 cases of microbial keratitis: an 8-year longitudinal study.

The etiological spectrum of microbial keratitis exhibits significant regional variability. However, existing domestic and international resi … omonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Acanthamoeba spinosa was an important pathogen affecting the cornea in this region. The observed resistance patterns emphasized the urgency for alternative therapeutic strategies targeting resistant gram-positive (e.g., erythromycin, penicillin, oxacillin) and - …

[Contact lens-related keratitis and purulent corneal ulcers].

UNLABELLED: There have been no studies conducted in Russia on frequency, causes and consequences of contact lens-related infectious complica … a, Staphylococcus hominis, Candida (1 eye). In 10% of patients, non-bacterial infections (fungi and Acanthamoeba) were found. The average hospital stay duration was 15.2±8.9 days. Surgical treatment was required in 15 patients (15.5%) including 5 cases of penetrating keratoplasty. Visual acuity outcome was 0.3-1.0 in 67 cases; 3 patients had light perception w …

Virulence Traits of Environmental and Clinical Legionella pneumophila Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis (MLVA) Genotypes.

Legionella pneumophila causes water-based infections resulting in severe pneumonia. Recently, we showed that different MLVA-8 (multilocus va … ignificantly higher hemolytic activity. In contrast, Gt4 and Gt6 strains were more infective toward Acanthamoeba castellanii Moreover, Gt4 strains exhibited increased cytotoxicity toward macrophages and demonstrated a broader temperature range of amoebal lysis than Gt6 and Gt15 strains. Understanding the virulence traits of Legionella genotypes may improve the …

Experimental evolution of Legionella pneumophila in mouse macrophages leads to strains with altered determinants of environmental survival.

The Gram-negative bacterium, Legionella pneumophila, is a protozoan parasite and accidental intracellular pathogen of humans. We propose a model in which cycling through multiple protozoan hosts in the environment holds L. pneumophila in a state of evolutionary stasis as a broad host-range pathogen. Using an experimental evolution approach, we tested this hypothesis by restricting L. pneumophila to growth within mouse macrophages for hundreds of generations. Whole-genome resequencing and high-throughput genotyping identified several parallel adaptive mutations and population dynamics that led

Risks of keratitis and patterns of use with disposable contact lenses.

Disposable soft contact lenses have been marketed as a safer alternative to conventional soft lenses. We undertook a case-control study of patients attending the casualty unit of an eye hospital to quantify the relative risk of keratitis in disposable lens wear and to establish associated patterns of use. All eligible contact lens users were identified and asked to complete a questionnaire (n=242). Keratitis, microbial or sterile, was the most common complication in disposable lens users, occurring in 16 of 41 subjects. The relative risks for all lens types were estimated by comparison with ri

Application of Preoperative CT/MRI Image Fusion in Target Positioning for Deep Brain Stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain PA23 is a biocontrol agent that is able to protect canola against the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This bacterium secretes a number of metabolites that contribute to fungal antagonism, including pyrrolnitrin (PRN), phenazine (PHZ), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and degradative enzymes. In order to be successful, a biocontrol agent must be able to persist in the environment and avoid the threat of grazing predators. The focus of the current study was to investigate whether PA23 is able to resist grazing by the protozoan predator Acanthamoeba c…

Architecture and functional dynamics of the pentafunctional AROM complex.

The AROM complex is a multifunctional metabolic machine with ten enzymatic domains catalyzing the five central steps of the shikimate pathway in fungi and protists. We determined its crystal structure and catalytic behavior, and elucidated its conformational space using a combination of experimental and computational approaches. We derived this space in an elementary approach, exploiting an abundance of conformational information from its monofunctional homologs in the Protein Data Bank. It demonstrates how AROM is optimized for spatial compactness while allowing for unrestricted conformationa

A specific genomic location within the icm/dot pathogenesis region of different Legionella species encodes functionally similar but nonhomologous virulence proteins.

Legionella pneumophila, the major causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is a facultative intracellular pathogen that grows within human macrophages and amoebae. Intracellular growth involves the formation of a replicative phagosome that requires the Icm/Dot type IV secretion system. Part of the icm/dot region in L. pneumophila contains the icmTSRQPO genes. The proteins encoded by the icmR and icmQ genes were shown to exhibit a chaperone-substrate relationship. Analysis of this region from other pathogenic Legionella species, i.e., L. micdadei and L. longbeachae, indicated that the overall

Combining Whole-Genome Sequencing and Multimodel Phenotyping To Identify Genetic Predictors of Salmonella Virulence.

Salmonella comprises more than 2,600 serovars. Very few environmental and uncommon serovars have been characterized for their potential role in virulence and human infections. A complementary in vitro and in vivo systematic high-throughput analysis of virulence was used to elucidate the association between genetic and phenotypic variations across Salmonella isolates. The goal was to develop a strategy for the classification of isolates as a benchmark and predict virulence levels of isolates. Thirty-five phylogenetically distant strains of unknown virulence were selected from the Salmonella Foo

Icm/dot-independent entry of Legionella pneumophila into amoeba and macrophage hosts.

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, expresses a type IVB secretion apparatus that translocates bacterial proteins into amoeba and macrophage hosts. When stationary-phase cultures are used to infect hosts, the type IVB apparatus encoded by the icm/dot genes is required for entry, delay of phagosome-lysosome fusion, and intracellular multiplication within host cells. Null mutants with mutations in icm/dot genes are defective in these phenotypes. Here a new model is described in which hosts are infected with stationary-phase cultures that have been incubated over

[Partial visual rehabilitation 5 and 6 years after a Gundersen total conjunctival flap procedure].

BACKGROUND: We present the results of penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) after previous treatment with a total conjunctival flap in two patients … linically, total conjunctival flap was present. Patient 2 was treated externally in May 2015 due to acanthamoeba keratitis in the left eye with a deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). A re-DALK was also performed externally in the same month. A third DALK was performed externally in August 2015 due to a persistent corneal ulcer, followed by a total conju …

Cytotoxicity, Intracellular Replication, and Contact-Dependent Pore Formation of Genotyped Environmental Legionella pneumophila Isolates from Hospital Water Systems in the West Bank, Palestine.

Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. Due to the hot climate and intermittent water supply, the West Bank, … (VACC). Strains of relevant genotypes and VACCs were compared according to their capacity to infect Acanthamoeba castellanii and THP-1 macrophages, and to mediate pore-forming cytotoxicity in sheep red blood cells (sRBCs). Based on a previous detailed analysis of the biogeographic distribution and abundance of the MLVA-8(12)-genotypes, the focus of the study w …

Update on the Management of Infectious Keratitis.

Infectious keratitis is a major global cause of visual impairment and blindness, often affecting marginalized populations. Proper diagnosis of the causative organism is critical, and although culture remains the prevailing diagnostic tool, newer techniques such as in vivo confocal microscopy are helpful for diagnosing fungus and Acanthamoeba. Next-generation sequencing holds the potential for early and accurate diagnosis even for organisms that are difficult to culture by conventional methods. Topical antibiotics remain the best treatment for bacterial keratitis, and a recent review found all …

Боковой Gene Translation между Girant Viruses of Family Mimiviridae и Chlamidiae.

Обязанность к внутриклеточному хламидии разошлась в патогенном и экологическом хламидии 0,7-1,4 миллиарда лет назад. В то время как патогенные хламидии адаптировались к широкому кругу позвоночных, экологические хламидии обитают в одноклеточном амебе, свободном акантамоэбе. Однако вопрос о том, каким образом и почему произошло это расхождение, остается неясным. В то же время были обнаружены гигантские вирусы, состоящие из вирусов протозоа и вирусов, связанных с вирусом протозоа, при этом предполагается, что первая группа в большей степени повлияла на окружающую среду хламидиаи во время их эволю

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Obligate intracellular chlamydiae diverged into pathogenic and environmental chlamydiae 0.7-1.4 billion years ago. While pathogenic chlamydiae have adapted to a wide range of vertebrates, environmental chlamydiae inhabit unicellular amoebae, the free-living Acanthamoeba. However, how and why this divergence occurred remains unclear. Meanwhile, giant viruses …

Planktonic replication is essential for biofilm formation by Legionella pneumophila in a complex medium under static and dynamic flow conditions.

Legionella pneumophila persists for a long time in aquatic habitats, where the bacteria associate with biofilms and replicate within protozo … biofilms in the inverse system if the medium was exchanged twice a day. However, after addition of Acanthamoeba castellanii, the bacteria proliferated and adhered to surfaces. Sessile (surface-attached) and planktonic (free-swimming) L. pneumophila expressed beta-galactosidase activity to similar extents, and therefore, the observed lack of proliferation of s …

Infectious keratitis following photorefractive keratectomy: a 13-year study at a tertiary center.

INTRODUCTION: Infectious keratitis is a rare but devastating complication following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) that may lead to visua … .4%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4/26, 15.4%), whereas all of the cases with fungi (4/4, 100% (and Acanthamoeba (3/3, 100%) infections caused late-onset infections. All patients received broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, followed by adjusted treatment based on microbial results. Cases developing endophthalmitis and those not responding to treatment or having …

Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex.

The Arp2/3 complex, a stable assembly of two actin-related proteins (Arp2 and Arp3) with five other subunits, caps the pointed end of actin filaments and nucleates actin polymerization with low efficiency. WASp and Scar are two similar proteins that bind the p21 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, but their effect on the nucleation activity of the complex was not known. We report that full-length, recombinant human Scar protein, as well as N-terminally truncated Scar proteins, enhance nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex. By themselves, these proteins either have no effect or inhibit actin polymerizati