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Obesity, Hypertension and Brain Health.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This brief review provides background information about brain health and its definition and public health importance. Within the context of brain health, we focus on two important modifiable cardiovascular risks, obesity and hypertension, and discuss mechanisms by which these factors affect brain health and recent advances in our understanding of trajectories of these risks across the lifespan. RECENT FINDINGS: Our understanding of obesity, hypertension and brain health has advanced beyond the categorization of these factors as binary (present, absent) variables. The study …

Astrocytes Regulate Brain State Transitions.

We celebrate the life of our close friend and collaborator, Arne Schousboe, by writing this prose of the role of astrocytes in distinct aspe … neurotransmitters and the regulation of microcirculation and interstitial fluid flow. By regulating brain homeostasis, astrocytes in turn affect neuronal activity in the context of sleep-arousal regulation. "It's complicated."® (Arne Schousboe, Denmark).

Complement Cascades and Brain Disorders.

The complement system is a vital component of innate immunity. Besides its roles in pathogen defense, its significance in neurodevelopment, neurodegeneration, and cancer progression is beginning to be recognized. We performed a comprehensive literature review to summarize the involvement and dysregulation of the complement system in three main CNS-associated conditions: Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and glioma. In Alzheimer's disease, activation of the complement system contributes to neuroinflammation, synaptic loss, and neuronal death. In glioblastoma, complement promotes tumor growth,

Advances in Preterm Brain Injury.

Preterm birth remains a major global health problem. Despite advances in neonatal care, neurodevelopmental disabilities persist, including major motor disabilities in 5-10% and cognitive, behavioral and sensory challenges in more than half of surviving preterm infants. Brain injury in the preterm infant remains common and occurs during a period of crucial brain development occurring between 24 and 40 weeks of gestation. The major forms of brain injury in preterm infants include white matter injury, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage and cerebral gray matter injury, as well as the prev…

Abscess formation within brain metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Brain abscesses are a potentially curable but life-threatening medical condition. Their occurrence within brain metastases has been exceptionally reported. In this study, we describe in detail this rare entity. CASE DESCRIPTION: A previously healthy 64-year-old female was referred to our neurosurgical department with right-sided deviation of the oral commissure and a 7-day history of holocranial headache. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tumor in the right frontal lobe, exhibiting an iso-intense signal on T1-weighted images with heterogeneous enhancement. On diffusion-weighte…

Окисляющий стресс в функции мозга.

Окисляющий стресс (OS) является важным фактором в патофизиологии многочисленных нейродегенеративных расстройств, таких, как болезнь Паркинсона, множественный склероз, цереброваскулярная патология или болезнь Альцгеймера. OS также оказывает значительное влияние на прогресс между различными нейродегенеративными расстройствами. Несбалансированность между образованием реактивных видов кислорода (РОС) и способностью организма нейтрализовать эти токсичные побочные продукты делает мозг подверженным окислительным повреждениям. Увеличение количества ROS может привести к сбоям в клетке, апоптозу и нейро

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Oxidative stress (OS) is an important factor in the pathophysiology of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, mu … ctive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's capacity to neutralize these toxic byproducts renders the brain susceptible to oxidative injury. Increased amounts of ROS can result in cellular malfunction, apoptosis and neurodegeneration. They also represent a substantial factor in mitochondrial dysfunction, a defining characteristic of neurodegenerative diso …

Coffee, antioxidants, and brain inflammation.

Coffee is the most popular beverage in the world and, aside from tea and water, the most often consumed caffeine-containing beverage. Becaus … provides an overview of the most recent studies regarding coffee's possible benefits in preventing brain inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders.

Clinical implications of brain asymmetries.

No two human brains are alike, and with the rise of precision medicine in neurology, we are seeing an increased emphasis on understanding the individual variability in brain structure and function that renders every brain unique. Functional and structural brain asymmetries are a fundamental principle of brain organization, and recent research suggests substantial individual variability in these asymmetries that needs to be considered in clinical practice. In this Review, we provide an overview of brain asymmetries, variations in such asymmetries and their relevance in the clinical context. We …

Mastication Influences Human Brain Anatomy.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this observational clinical study was to evaluate the relationship between brain anatomical and volumetric changes in white matter, grey matter, and cerebral cortex thickness with the number of functional occlusal pairs present in the mouth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The number of functional occlusal pairs in 70 patients was counted and non-invasive brain analysis was performed using magnetic resonance imaging. The volume of grey matter, white matter, and thickness of the cortex in different areas of the brain were determined by SPM12 and CAT12 software. Multiple regres…

Psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain.

A single dose of psilocybin, a psychedelic that acutely causes distortions of space-time perception and ego dissolution, produces rapid and persistent therapeutic effects in human clinical trials1-4. In animal models, psilocybin induces neuroplasticity in cortex and hippocampus5-8. It remains unclear how human brain network changes relate to subjective and lasting effects of psychedelics. Here we tracked individual-specific brain changes with longitudinal precision functional mapping (roughly 18 magnetic resonance imaging visits per participant). Healthy adults were tracked before, during and …

Soccer (football) and brain health.

Soccer is one of the most popular sports worldwide, played by over 270 million people and followed by many more. Several brain health benefits are promoted by practising soccer and physical exercise at large, which helps contrast the cognitive decline associated with ageing by enhancing neurogenesis processes. However, sport-related concussions have been increasingly recognised as a pressing public health concern, not only due to their acute impact but also, more importantly, due to mounting evidence indicating an elevated risk for the development of neurological sequelae following recurrent h…

Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.

Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a rare entity of vascular anomalies, characteristic of anatomical shunting where arterial blood directly flows into the venous circulation. The main aim of the active treatment policy of brain AVMs is the prevention of haemorrhage. There are well-established treatment strategies that continually improve in their safety and efficacy, primarily due to the advances in imaging modalities, targeted and novel techniques, the development of alternative treatment approaches, and even better experience with the disease itself. There are interesting imaging n…

Vasospasm in traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young individuals. Management of TBI is complex and aims to prevent secondary injury and optimise conditions for neurological recovery. Vasospasm is a possible complication of TBI, and its significance is unknown. Its incidence is underestimated and there are currently no preventive or therapeutic approaches with proven efficacy. The occurrence of vasospasm contributes to secondary brain injury and worsens prognosis. The diagnosis of vasospasm in TBI is challenging due to the difficulty in perceiving neurological det…

Brain development and bioenergetic changes.

Bioenergetics describe the biochemical processes responsible for energy supply in organisms. When these changes become dysregulated in brain development, multiple neurodevelopmental diseases can occur, implicating bioenergetics as key regulators of neural development. Historically, the discovery of disease processes affecting individual stages of brain development has revealed critical roles that bioenergetics play in generating the nervous system. Bioenergetic-dependent neurodevelopmental disorders include neural tube closure defects, microcephaly, intellectual disability, autism spectrum dis…

Does the brain make prolactin?

The prolactin receptor (Prlr) is widely expressed in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus. Prolactin also has an increasing range of well-characterised effects on central nervous system function. Because of this, over many years, there has been interest in whether the hormone itself is also expressed within the brain, perhaps acting as a neuropeptide to regulate brain function via its receptor in neurons. The aim of this invited review is to critically evaluate the evidence for brain production of prolactin. Unlike the evidence for the Prlr, evidence for brain prolactin is inconsistent …

Traumatic brain injury and prolactin.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a well-known etiologic factor for pituitary dysfunctions, with a prevalence of 15% during long-term follow-up. The most common hormonal disruption is growth hormone deficiency, followed by central adrenal insufficiency, central hypogonadism, and central hypothyroidism in varying order across studies. The prevalence of serum prolactin disturbances ranged widely from 0 to 85%. Prolactin release is mainly regulated by hypothalamic dopamine inhibition, and mediators such as TRH, serotonin, cytokines, and neurotransmitters have modulatory effects. Many factors, such …

Ventriculoperitoneal Shunting for Brain Tumors.

Brain tumors exert their clinical effects in a variety of ways. Mass effect, edema, seizures, and a vicious cycle of cause and effect are often the focus of therapeutic interventions employed to improve clinical signs and increase survival time. Obstructive hydrocephalus is a common sequela of certain types of brain tumors and is often the major driver of clinical signs seen in tumors arising within the ventricular system. This study outlines the application of ventriculoperitoneal shunting for obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to brain tumors as part of an overall management program to help…

FSH, bone, belly and brain.

The pituitary gland orchestrates multiple endocrine organs by secreting tropic hormones, and therefore plays a significant role in a myriad of physiological processes, including skeletal modeling and remodeling, fat and glucose metabolism, and cognition. Expression of receptors for each pituitary hormone and the hormone itself in the skeleton, fat, immune cells, and the brain suggest that their role is much broader than the traditionally attributed functions. FSH, believed solely to regulate gonadal function is also involved in fat and bone metabolism, as well as in cognition. Our emerging und…

Snapshot: Choroid plexus brain barrier.

Located in each brain ventricle, choroid plexus (ChP) tissue forms a blood-CSF barrier and produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other supportive factors. Sheets of ChP epithelial cells enclose a vascularized stroma of mesenchymal, immune, and neuron/glia-like cells. Burgeoning ChP studies are revealing its complex set of functions across the lifespan. To view this SnapShot, open or download the PDF.

[B vitamins and brain dysfunction].

An unbalanced diet and some other factors are the reason for the extreme prevalence of hypovitaminosis among the population of both developing and developed countries. The metabolic relationships of B vitamins determine the more frequent occurrence of poly-, rather than monovitamin deficiency. Since B vitamins play an important role in the processes of energy production and in the functioning of neurotransmitter systems, the first symptoms of such polyhypovitaminosis are signs of brain dysfunction: asthenia, depression, anxiety, cognitive disorders. Correct diagnosis of polyhypovitaminosis bas…