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Gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus: mechanistic links between dysbiosis, insulin resistance, and chronic low-grade inflammation.

It is becoming more well acknowledged that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic and inflammatory condition linked to microbiota that involves interrelated disruptions in intestinal integrity, immune control, and insulin signalling. Butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia spp., are reduced in gut dysbiosis in type 2 diabetes, whereas opportunistic Gram-negative pathobionts that cause endotoxemia and mucosal inflammation proliferate. Increased intestinal permeability makes it easier for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to translocate and activate the TLR…

Orientin alleviates severe inflammation via regulating macrophage glycolysis and immune function in sepsis.

Sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome triggered by a dysregulated host response to infection, with glycolysis playing a vital role in maintaining macrophage immune function, which is critical for immune homeostasis and host survival during severe sepsis. Targeting glycolytic enzymes may offer effective strategies to mitigate macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses during sepsis. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and metabolic modulatory effects of Orientin (Ori) in murine models of endotoxemia and sepsis, with a particular focus on its interaction with the glycolytic enzyme phospho…

S. boulardii CNCM I-745 a yeast probiotic attenuates PCOS-IR by suppressing LPS mediated inflammation in female rats.

Chronic low-grade inflammation along with gut microbial dysbiosis, plays a crucial role in the development and progression of polycystic ova … hat S. boulardii effectively interrupts the further progression of PCOS by correcting the metabolic endotoxemia, inflammation, and endocrine imbalances. An improved insulin sensitivity, along with the correction in serum LPS and body weight, was noted. This ameliorative effect was accompanied by the suppression of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, an …

Gut Microbiome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 4 and 5: A Systematic Literature Review.

This systematic review investigates the role of the gut microbiota in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), specifically stag … impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Five conceptual frameworks-including the gut-kidney axis and endotoxemia-inflammation loop-were discussed. Ten microbiome assessment tools were reviewed, including 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS for uremic toxin detection. Although probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are gaining attention as potential therapeutic op …

Sepsis-Associated Brain Dysfunction: Mechanisms, Clinical Insights, and Therapeutic Strategies.

Sepsis is a lethal clinical condition representing severe inflammation and immune suppression to pathogen or infection, leading to tissue da … ncluding nitric oxide, cytokines, chemokines, interleukins, and the complement system. Unrestrained endotoxemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines result in microglial as well as brain endothelial cell stimulation, downregulation of tight junctions, along with intense recruitment of leucocytes. Subsequent neuroinflammation, together with BBB dysfunction, aggravat …

Взаимосвязь между повышением уровней липополисакарида, полученного из микробиота, и патофизиологией нейродегенеративных заболеваний.

Липополисакхарид (LPS) - мощный провоспалительный эндотоксин, полученный из внешней мембраны гра-отрицательных бактерий, - был определен как важнейшая связь между системным воспалением, связанным с ожирением, и возникновением нейродегенеративных заболеваний. Изменения в кишечной микробиоте, связанные с ожирением, нарушают целостность кишечного барьера, что ведет к повышению проницаемости и уровня циркуляции КТИ, явления, известного как метаболическая эндотоксима. Увеличенное присутствие ЛПС стимулирует устойчивое низкосортное воспаление и окислительный стресс, оба из которых являются важнейшим

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent pro-inflammatory endotoxin derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, has been identified … in increased permeability and heightened levels of circulating LPS a phenomenon known as metabolic endotoxemia. The elevated presence of LPS promotes persistent low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are critical contributors to neurodegeneration. This review aims to explore the biological pathways through which LPS influences the develop …

Presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in feces exacerbate leaky gut in mice with low dose dextran sulfate solution, impacts of specific bacteria.

The impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) was explored in a mouse model with non-diarrheal gut permeability defect using 1.5% dextran sulfate solution (DSS) plus antibiotics (ATB) with or without orally administered PA. As such, ATB+DSS+PA mice induced more severe intestinal injury as indicated by stool consistency and leaky gut (FITC-dextran assay, bacteremia, and endotoxemia) with an increase in serum cytokines, liver enzyme, and hepatocyte apoptosis when compared with ATB+DSS mice. There was no abnormality by these parameters in the non-DSS group, including water alone (control), antibiotic…

Excess fermentation and lactic acidosis as detrimental functions of the gut microbes in treatment-naive TB patients.

INTRODUCTION: The link between gut microbiota and host immunity motivated numerous studies of the gut microbiome in tuberculosis (TB) patien … vailability in the intestine likely drives fermentation to lactate and growth, causing acidosis and endotoxemia. DISCUSSION: Excessive fermentation and lactic acidosis likely characterize TB patients' disturbed gut microbiomes. Since lactic acidosis strongly suppresses the normal gut flora, directly interferes with macrophage function, and is linked to morta …

Revolution in sepsis: a symptoms-based to a systems-based approach?

Severe infection and sepsis are medical emergencies. High morbidity and mortality are linked to CNS dysfunction, excessive inflammation, imm … small-volume, fluid therapy comprising adenosine, lidocaine and magnesium (ALM) to treat sepsis and endotoxemia. Our early studies indicate that ALM therapy shifts the CNS from sympathetic to parasympathetic dominance, maintains cardiovascular-endothelial glycocalyx coupling, reduces inflammation, corrects coagulopathy, and maintains tissue O2 supply. Future …

Changes in fetal baroreceptor sensitivity during intrauterine inflammation in preterm fetal sheep.

OBJECTIVE: Baroreflex is a regulatory mechanism that slows the fetal heart rate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia on fetal baroreceptor sensitivity in preterm fetal sheep. METHODS: The changes in fetal baroreceptor sensitivity were measured in seven chronically instrumented preterm fetal sheep. Fetal baroreceptor sensitivity was measured in three phases: (A) control phase, defined as the 24 h before the first injection of LPS; (B) acute phase, defined as the 24 h between the first and second injections of LPS; and (C) fetal acidosis p…

Downregulation of peripheral lipopolysaccharide binding protein impacts on perigonadal adipose tissue only in female mice.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The sexual dimorphism in fat-mass distribution and circulating leptin and insulin levels is well known, influencing the … es involved in thermogenesis. The known decreased estrogen action and negative effects of metabolic endotoxemia may be targeted through LBP downregulation.

Forsythiaside A alleviated carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis by modulating gut microbiota composition to increase short-chain fatty acids and restoring bile acids metabolism disorder.

Liver fibrosis is a chronic and progressive disease with complex pathogenesis related to bile acids (BAs) and gut microbiota. Forsythiaside … estinal barrier function, increased the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and improved endotoxemia, as manifested by decreased serum lipopolysaccharide levels and increased expression of ileal tight junction proteins. Besides, FTA can modulate the genes related to bile acid metabolism to alter the distribution of fecal BAs in fibrotic mice. In a …

Pathologic Inflammation in Malnutrition Is Driven by Proinflammatory Intestinal Microbiota, Large Intestine Barrier Dysfunction, and Translocation of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide.

Acute malnutrition, or wasting, is implicated in over half of all deaths in children under five and increases risk of infectious disease. St … harides (LPS; endotoxin). However, the mechanisms that underpin the systemic inflammatory state and endotoxemia, and their pathophysiological consequences, remain uncertain. Understanding these pathophysiological mechanisms is necessary to design targeted treatments that will improve the unacceptable rate of failure or relapse that plague current approaches. …

Gut dysbiosis correction contributes to the hepatoprotective effects of Thymus quinquecostatus Celak extract against alcohol through the gut-liver axis.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major health issue globally due to the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Thymus quinquecostatus Celak i … sis correction, liver damage was partly ameliorated in the recipient mice. Gut barrier dysfunction, endotoxemia, TLR4 pathway induction as well as downstream inflammatory response and ROS overproduction were also partly suppressed due to gut dysbiosis correction in alcohol-fed recipient mice. In summary, these results suggest that gut dysbiosis correction con …

[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome in pancreatic necrosis: triggers and organ damage].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the main trigger mechanisms of multiple organ failure in acute severe pancreatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An experimental study included 26 dogs with pancreatic necrosis. We assessed homeostasis disorders and functional changes in the pancreas, bowel, liver, kidneys, lungs and heart. Forty-six patients with severe acute pancreatitis were examined. We studied homeostasis disorders and functional state of the organs, endotoxemia, lipid peroxidation, phospholipase activity, coagulation system and hypoxia. RESULTS: Injury of various organs and systems due to systemic infl…

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) severity is associated to a nonhemostatic contribution and proinflammatory phenotype of platelets.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main cause of chronic liver disease and ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatoh … associated with NAFLD. Liver platelet accumulation and liver NET formation, together with low-grade endotoxemia, suggest that platelets may act to protect the liver from invading microorganisms by favoring local NET formation.

Correlation Between Peritonitis and Incisional Infections in Horses.

Surgical site infection of abdominal incisions is an important complication after laparotomy with increased risk of incisional hernia format … evaluate and prepare it for histopathological and tensile strength study. All horses presented with endotoxemia, controllable peritonitis, heat and touch-sensitive ventral abdominal edema and surgical wound infection with presence of purulent discharge. Adhesion of the cecum or colon to the internal portion of the surgical wound was observed. Healing of the i …

Improving Effect of Aminoguanidine on Lipopolysaccharide-Caused Kidney Dysfunction in Rats.

Kidneys have been shown to be the main target for toxins. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin which can involve in pathogenesis of endotoxemia-caused kidney dysfunction. Excessive production of free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reported to contribute in kidney dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition against LPS-induced kidney dysfunction in rats. Male rats were assigned into five groups. Control animals were injected saline; LPS group received 1 mg/kg o…

Diet in neurogenic bowel management: A viewpoint on spinal cord injury.

The aim of this review is to offer dietary advice for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and neurogenic bowel dysfunction. With this … nsumption of plant foods. Low consumption of fibre induces dysbiosis, which is associated with both endotoxemia and inflammation. Dysbiosis can be reduced by exercise and diet in individuals with SCI. Therefore, to summarize our viewpoint, we developed a Mediterranean diet-based diet and exercise pyramid to integrate nutritional recommendations and exercise g …

Dietary supplementation of brown seaweed (Sargassum latifolium) alleviates the environmental heat stress-induced toxicity in male Barki sheep (Ovis aries).

Heat stress (HS) is the most potent environmental stressors for livestock in tropical and subtropical regions. HS induced splanchnic tissue hypoxia and intestinal oxidative damage, leading to endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. The present study evaluated and compared the modulatory effects of feeding Barki male sheep (Ovis aries) on a standard concentrated diet containing 2% or 4% of the brown seaweed (Sargassum latifolium) followed by roughage for 40 consecutive days on the toxicity-induced by exposure to severe environmental HS (temperature-humidity index = 28.55 ± 1.62). The present stu…