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Seroprevalence of scrub typhus infection in patients with pyrexia at some malaria clinics in three western provinces of Thailand.

In Thailand, the epidemiological data on scrub typhus infection represents only "the tip of an iceberg" especially in malaria clinics where patients come to seek attention because of other febrile illnesses that may have initial clinical signs that are indistinguishable from malaria. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of antibody titers to Orientia tsutsugamushi, and its various strains, among patients at some malaria clinics in three western provinces of Thailand. The sample was represented by 200 patients from 6 malaria clinics in Ratchaburi, Petchaburi and Kanchan…

Two-step polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of scrub typhus and identification of antigenic variants of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.

Two-step polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) method was examined for the diagnosis of scrub typhus. Primers were derived from the type-specific antigen (TSA) gene DNA sequences of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Gilliam strain. These primers served to produce rickettsia-specific products in the amplification of template DNA prepared from all serovariants, Gilliam, Karp, Kato, Kawasaki, Kuroki and Shimokoshi strains, and the fragments of product after digestion with several kinds of restriction endonuclease showed the respective patterns to strain in acrylamide or agarose gel electrophoresis. The …

Development and evaluation of dot-immunobinding assay for detection of scrub typhus infection in Leptotrombidium fletcheri (Acari: Trombiculidae).

A dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA) was compared with a direct fluorescent antibody technique (DFAT) for the detection of Rickettsia tsutsugamu … ve percentage than DFAT. It was concluded that DIBA is a suitable alternative to DFAT for detecting scrub typhus infection in chiggers.

Application of serologic diagnosis of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Korea where the disease was recently recognized to be endemic.

In Korea, tsutsugamushi disease is a recently recognized infection. It has become clear that it is more prevalent than leptospirosis or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Accurate diagnosis of the disease is necessary for the selection of effective antimicrobial agents which can prevent fatalities and shorten the course. For the diagnosis, various serologic tests are used. Sensitivity and specificity of a test depend on various factors. In this report, microbiological aspects of the infection were briefly described and the Weil-Felix, indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxida

Dysregulation of cytokine profiles plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of scrub typhus-associated acute kidney injury.

BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: Scrub typhus (ST) is a serious mite-bome disease which is recently considered as underrecognized cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). The current study was undertaken to elucidate finer details of the role of inflammatory response in the pathophysiology of scrub typhus associated AKI (STAKI). METHODS: This prospective study was carried out on patients admitted to the Department of Nephrology, SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, India, a tertiary care hospital of the state. All sera were tested for O. tsutsugamushi using IgM ELISA kit and PCR assay. The serum level…

Distribution and Host Selection of the Chigger Mite Leptotrombidium rupestre, a Potential Vector of Scrub Typhus, in Southwest China.

Leptotrombidium rupestre, a chigger species, is a potential vector of scrub typhus. Based on field surveys in southwest China between 2001 and 2022, this paper retrospectively reports the distribution and host selection of L. rupestre in the region for the first time. A total of 4675 L. rupestre were identified from 28 species of rodents and other sympatric small mammal hosts in 23 out of 114 survey sites, and it was mainly distributed in higher latitudes (31-33° N) and altitudes (3000-3500 m), especially in western Sichuan, an important focus of scrub typhus. Among four orders of hosts, 96.15…

Validation of Clinical RGA Score in Diagnosis of Scrub Typhus at 2nd Tier Hospital of West Bengal, India.

Scrub typhus is caused by arthropod-borne gram-negative obligately intracellular bacillus Orientia tsutsugamushi bite by bitten by an infected vector, a Leptotrombidium mite. An eschar at the site of chigger feeding is a classic clinical feature of scrub typhus. Scrub typhus had severe complications including jaundice, acute renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome etc. Laboratory investigation is the gold standard test for the diagnosis but it is not available at all point of care centers. Rathi Goodman Score (RGA) was introduced and validated to diagnose the disease at the resource…

From eschar to diagnosis: A case report on scrub typhus causing multi-organ failure in a returning traveller.

Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is a rickettsial infection transmitted by mite bites, often underdiagnosed in travellers from endemic regions. This case report describes a 65-year-old female with hypertension who developed severe scrub typhus after a trip to Sri Lanka. She presented with fever, myalgia, headache, fatigue and a scabbed lesion. Initial tests showed neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia and elevated liver enzymes. Malaria was ruled out, and empiric treatment with intravenous Tazocin was initiated. On day 5, she developed Clostridium difficile infection, requiring a switch…

Dengue and Scrub Typhus Co-infection at a Tertiary Care Centre in Nepal: A Case Series in Pediatric Patients.

This case series highlights four pediatric patients with coinfection of dengue fever and scrub typhus, presenting at Patan Hospital. Dengue fever is caused by flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, and scrub typhus is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi transmitted by Leptotrombidium mites, which share overlapping symptoms such as fever, headache, and abdominal pain, complicating the diagnosis. The cases were from different geographical regions of Nepal with varied presentation: from febrile illness to severe manifestations like meningoencephalitis and raised intracranial pressure. Two patie…

Spatiotemporal epidemiology and clinical manifestations of two decades of scrub typhus in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Scrub typhus, once known as tsutsugamushi fever and attributed to Rickettsia, has transformed into a growing public health concern. Despite its increasing incidence in India, comprehensive spatiotemporal analyses of scrub typhus have been lacking. METHODS: This study examines the prevalence of scrub typhus cases reported from 2003 to 2023, using available literature to provide a breakdown of cases by year and state in India, aiming to elucidate the disease's spatiotemporal dynamics. The aetiological association of Orientia tsutsugamushi and scrub typhus is based on geographical, i…

Scrub typhus in Nan province (Thailand): Seventeen years of data to understand the impact of land cover change.

BACKGROUND: Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by chigger mites (Leptotrombidium), is a major health problem in northern Thailand, particularly in Nan province. Land cover change, by altering the ecosystem, could affect the ecology of the vector and consequently the risk of scrub typhus transmission. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This study investigated the impact of land cover changes on scrub typhus transmission in 2.5 km buffer zones around each village of Nan Province between 2003 and 2019. Using the open land cover data of the European Spatial Agency Climate…

Influence of meteorological factors on scrub typhus in Southeast China: a study across 100 districts in Jiangxi Province.

BACKGROUND: Scrub typhus is transmitted through vectors and is susceptible to meteorological factors, posing a significant threat to human life and health. Therefore, in this study, the nonlinear relationships between meteorological factors and scrub typhus (ST) and the lag effects of meteorological factors on ST were analyzed, and the explanatory power of these factors on the spatially stratified heterogeneity of ST was evaluated. METHODS: Monthly data on ST cases and meteorological factors were collected in Jiangxi from 2014 to 2023. A distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was used to anal…

One health intervention for the control and elimination of scrub typhus, anthrax, and brucellosis in Southeast Asia: a systematic review.

The "One Health" (OH) approach, introduced in 2004, integrates human, animal, and environmental health to address emerging and re-emerging diseases. This study evaluates OH strategies used by southeast Asian countries for brucellosis, anthrax, and scrub typhus. We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, ProQuest, and EBSCO-CINHL up to May 11, 2023, screened 711 articles, and included ten studies (five on brucellosis, four on anthrax, and two on scrub typhus). Key strategies identified included intersectoral collaboration, vaccination initiatives, and comprehensive surveillance systems for bot…

The diagnosis and treatment of scrub typhus should be emphasized in non-endemic areas: A retrospective case series study.

The morbidity of tsutsugamushi is increasing and is no longer limited to endemic areas. Delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatment can cause severe complications and increase mortality rates. We conducted a retrospective case series of patients with scrub typhus at our institution to report our experience and discuss the diagnostic modalities. We encountered 21 cases of scrub typhus at our institution between 2014 and 2022. The average age of the patients was 52 years (range: 22-63 years), 11 (52%) were farmers, and 11 (52%) had clear outdoor activities. Twenty (95%) patients had an ineffec…

Associations of meteorological factors and dynamics of scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: A nationwide time-series study.

Scrub typhus, also known as Tsutsugamushi disease, is a climate-sensitive vector-borne disease that poses a growing public health threat. However, studies on the association between scrub typhus epidemics and meteorological factors in South Korea need to be complemented. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the association among ambient temperature, precipitation, and the incidence of scrub typhus in South Korea. First, we obtained data on the weekly number of scrub typhus cases and concurrent meteorological variables at the city-county level (Si-Gun) in South Korea between 2001 and 2019. Subsequent…

Acute demyelination of the medulla oblongata owing to scrub typhus in a 7-year-old boy: case report.

ADEM: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PGCS: paediatric Glasgow coma scale; PICU: paediatric intensive care unit.

Clinical profile and predictors of therapeutic outcome with azithromycin in pediatric scrub typhus: A study from Eastern India.

In this prospective study, children from 1-month to 12-years, admitted with positive IgM ELISA testing for scrub typhus, were enrolled over 1-year and administered an empirical single dose of azithromycin (10 mg/kg). All 189 (median age 4.84-years) children had fever with median duration of 8 days at admission. Shortness of breath, altered sensorium, headache, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, pallor, oedema and hypotension were the most prominent symptoms/signs. About 46% of children developed complications, among them hepatic, neurological and cardiovascular were most common. Our study sh…

Pediatric Scrub Typhus Manifesting with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome: A New Cause for Confusion or Concern-A Case Series.

The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has discovered a new disease called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). In developing nations, pediatricians must be mindful of the similarities between MIS-C and other tropical fevers such as scrub typhus. Not only should such patients be kept on high alert to rule out tropical diseases and receive appropriate treatment, such as steroids or immunomodulatory medications, but this is also concerning because, if rickettsial or bacterial infection is not detected through cultures and serology, steroid,…

Эпидемиологическая, клиническая и генетическая характеристика скруба тифа у пациентов с острым фебриальным заболеванием в Дели.

ЦЕЛЬ: " Скруб тифа " ( " ST " ) является зоонотической болезнью, вызванной О. цуцугамуши, одной из основных причин острого фебрилального заболевания (АФИ) в Индии. Необходимо изучить распространенность и факторы риска в различных регионах Индии. МЕТОДЫ: Было проведено исследование для оценки распространенности и изучения факторов риска, связанных с СТ, у пациентов с острым фебриальным заболеванием (АФИ). Все пациенты прошли курс серологии на антитела IgM до Orientia tsutsugamushi (In Bios International Inc., Syteel, WA) согласно протоколу производителей. После этого реакция

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
PURPOSE: Scrub typhus (ST) is a zoonotic disease, caused by O. tsutsugamushi is a major cause of acute febrile illness (AFI) in India. There is a need to study the prevalence and risk factors in various regions of India. METHODS: A study to estimate the prevalence and study the risk factors of ST in patients presenting with acute febrile illness (AFI) was p…