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New Therapeutic Strategies for Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous hematological malignancy. Chromosomal and genetic analyses are important for the diagnosis and prognosis of AML. Some patients experience relapse or have refractory disease, despite conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies and allogeneic transplantation, and a variety of new agents and treatment strategies have emerged. After over 20 years during which no new drugs became available for the treatment of AML, the CD33-targeting antibody-drug conjugate gemtuzumab ozogamicin was developed. This is currently used in combination with standard

Clinical Features and Treatment Progress of Invasive Mucormycosis in Patients with Hematological Malignancies.

The incidence rate of invasive mucormycosis (IM) in patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) is increasing year by year, ranging from 0.07% to 4.29%, and the mortality rate is mostly higher than 50%. With the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) also became a global health threat. Patients with high risk factors such as active HMs, relapsed/refractory leukemia, prolonged neutropenia may still develop breakthrough mucormycosis (BT-MCR) even under the prophylaxis of Mucorales-active antifungals, and such patients often have higher mortality. Rhizopus spp. is

Influence of gut microbial metabolites on tumor immunotherapy: mechanisms and potential natural products.

In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant breakthroughs in the treatment of malignant tumors. However, individual differences in efficacy have been observed in clinical practice. There is increasing evidence that gut microbial metabolites influence the efficacy of distal tumor immunotherapy via the gut-liver axis, the gut-brain axis and the gut-breast axis, a process that may involve modulating the expression of immune cells and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we systematically explore the relationship between gut microbial metabolites and tumor i

Overexpression of CIP2A is associated with poor prognosis in multiple myeloma.

Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), an endogenous protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor, has been identified as an oncoprotein in promoting cancer initiation and progression of several types of cancer. However, the expression and the role played by CIP2A in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) remain unclear. In this study, we showed that CIP2A was overexpressed in human MM cell lines and MM patients' bone marrow tissues. Clinicopathologic analysis showed that CIP2A expression was significantly correlated with clinical stage and percent of plasma cells in bone marrow.

Dendritic cell biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy.

As crucial antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in tumor immunotherapy. Taking into account the many recent advances in DC biology, we discuss how DCs (1) recognize pathogenic antigens with pattern recognition receptors through specific phagocytosis and through non-specific micropinocytosis, (2) process antigens into small peptides with proper sizes and sequences, and (3) present MHC-peptides to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to initiate immune responses against invading microbes and aberrant host cells. During anti-tumor immune responses, DC-derived exosomes were discovere

A ceRNA regulatory network in systemic lupus erythematosus and its molecular interplay with cancer.

BackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease defined by the production of autoantibodies and involves multiple organs and systems. Although there are reports on SLE, data on its pathogenesis is limited.MethodsUsing R language software, we constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. We then utilized the Search Tool for Recurring Instances of Neighbouring Genes (STRING) and cytoHubba databases to generate a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, which led to the identification of hub genes. The top two hub genes with the highest Maximal Clique Centrality

The Emergence of Universal Immune Receptor T Cell Therapy for Cancer.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown great success in the treatment of CD19+ hematological malignancies, leading to their recent approval by the FDA as a new cancer treatment modality. However, their broad use is limited since a CAR targets a single tumor associated antigen (TAA), which is not effective against tumors with heterogeneous TAA expression or emerging antigen loss variants. Further, stably engineered CAR T cells can continually and uncontrollably proliferate and activate in response to antigen, potentially causing fatal on-target off-tumor toxicity, cytokine release s

CRLF1 and CLCF1 in Development, Health and Disease.

Cytokines and their receptors have a vital function in regulating various processes such as immune function, inflammation, haematopoiesis, cell growth and differentiation. The interaction between a cytokine and its specific receptor triggers intracellular signalling cascades that lead to altered gene expression in the target cell and consequent changes in its proliferation, differentiation, or activation. In this review, we highlight the role of the soluble type I cytokine receptor CRLF1 (cytokine receptor-like factor-1) and the Interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine CLCF1 (cardiotrophin-like cytokine fa

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… Sortilin Facilitates Signaling of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Related Helical Type 1 Cytokines Targeting the gp130/Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor β Heterodimer Mol. Cell. Biol. 2010 30 4175 4187 10.1128/MCB.00274-10 20584990 PMC2937557 32. Talbot H. Saada S. Naves T. Gallet P.-F. … Targeted disruption of the low-affinity leukemia inhibitory factor receptor gene causes placental, skeletal, neural and metabolic defects and results in perinatal death Development 1995 121 1283 1299 10.1242/dev.121.5.1283 7789261 96. Kawasaki K. Gao Y.-H. Yokose S. Kaji Y. Nakamura T. Suda T. …

Mechanisms of Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy.

Over the last decade, based on the extensive development of preclinical animal studies and clinical trials, the efficacy, and mechanisms of immunotherapy have been fully explored. Significant and lasting clinical responses with immunotherapy provide a new breakthrough treatment for a variety of refractory cancer histologies, which gradually change the treatment pattern of tumors. However, although immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs are promising for achieving longer-term efficacy, their benefits in the overall population are still very low, such as low frequency of response in some common tumor

Mesenchymal stem cells in cancer therapy; the art of harnessing a foe to a friend.

For a long time, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were discussed only as stem cells which could give rise to different types of cells. However, when it became clear that their presence in the tumor microenvironment (TME) was like a green light for tumorigenesis, they emerged from the ashes. This review was arranged to provide a comprehensive and precise description of MSCs' role in regulating tumorigenesis and to discuss the dark and the bright sides of cancer treatment strategies using MSCs. To gather the details about MSCs, we made an intensive literature review using keywords, including MSCs,

Epigenetic drugs in cancer therapy: mechanisms, immune modulation, and therapeutic applications.

Epigenetic regulation is a fundamental mechanism controlling gene expression and cellular function, primarily mediated through reversible modifications such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and chromatin remodeling. Dysregulation of critical epigenetic enzymes, including histone deacetylases (HDACs), DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), and bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins, has been closely associated with tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, immune evasion, and resistance to conventional therapies. Targeting these epigenetic regulators with small-molecule inhibitor

HIF-1α signaling: Essential roles in tumorigenesis and implications in targeted therapies.

The hypoxic microenvironment is an essential characteristic of most malignant tumors. Notably, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a key regulatory factor of cellular adaptation to hypoxia, and many critical pathways are correlated with the biological activity of organisms via HIF-1α. In the intra-tumoral hypoxic environment, HIF-1α is highly expressed and contributes to the malignant progression of tumors, which in turn results in a poor prognosis in patients. Recently, it has been indicated that HIF-1α involves in various critical processes of life events and tumor development via r

Natural biomolecules and derivatives as anticancer immunomodulatory agents.

Despite advancements in chemotherapy, the issue of resistance and non-responsiveness to many chemotherapeutic drugs that are currently in clinical use still remains. Recently, cancer immunotherapy has gathered attention as a novel treatment against select cancers. Immunomodulation is also emerging as an effective strategy to improve efficacy. Natural phytochemicals, with known anticancer properties, been reported to mediate their effects by modulating both traditional cancer pathways and immunity. The mechanism of phytochemical mediated-immunomodulatory activity may be attributed to the remode

A Journey through the Inter-Cellular Interactions in the Bone Marrow in Multiple Myeloma: Implications for the Next Generation of Treatments.

Tumors are composed of a plethora of extracellular matrix, tumor and non-tumor cells that form a tumor microenvironment (TME) that nurtures the tumor cells and creates a favorable environment where tumor cells grow and proliferate. In multiple myeloma (MM), the TME is the bone marrow (BM). Non-tumor cells can belong either to the non-hematological compartment that secretes soluble mediators to create a favorable environment for MM cells to grow, or to the immune cell compartment that perform an anti-MM activity in healthy conditions. Indeed, marrow-infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs) are associate

Repurposing of nervous system drugs for cancer treatment: recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives.

The nervous system plays a critical role in developmental biology and oncology, influencing processes from ontogeny to the complex dynamics of cancer progression. Interactions between the nervous system and cancer significantly affect oncogenesis, tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, treatment resistance, inflammation that promotes tumors, and the immune response. A comprehensive understanding of the signal transduction pathways involved in cancer biology is essential for devising effective anti-cancer strategies and overcoming resistance to existing therapies. Recent advances in cancer neurosc

Targeting B Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) in Multiple Myeloma: Potential Uses of BCMA-Based Immunotherapy.

The approval of the first two monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38 (daratumumab) and SLAMF7 (elotuzumab) in late 2015 for treating relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) was a critical advance for immunotherapies for multiple myeloma (MM). Importantly, the outcome of patients continues to improve with the incorporation of this new class of agents with current MM therapies. However, both antigens are also expressed on other normal tissues including hematopoietic lineages and immune effector cells, which may limit their long-term clinical use. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a transme

Antidepressant Drug Sertraline against Human Cancer Cells.

The use of FDA-approved drugs for new indications represents a faster and more economical way to find novel therapeutic agents for cancer therapy, compared to the development of new drugs. Repurposing drugs is advantageous in a pharmacological context since these drugs already have extensive data related to their pharmacokinetics, facilitating their approval process for different diseases. Several studies have reported the promising anticancer effects of sertraline, both alone and combined, in different types of cancer cell lines. Here, we performed a literature review on the anticancer potent

Advancements in Biomarkers and Molecular Targets in Hematological Neoplasias.

Hematological neoplasias are among the most common cancers worldwide, and the number of new cases has been on the rise since 1990, reaching 1 [...].

Evolution of Cancer Pharmacological Treatments at the Turn of the Third Millennium.

The medical history of cancer began millennia ago. Historical findings of patients with cancer date back to ancient Egyptian and Greek civilizations, where this disease was predominantly treated with radical surgery and cautery that were often ineffective, leading to the death of patients. Over the centuries, important discoveries allowed to identify the biological and pathological features of tumors, without however contributing to the development of effective therapeutic approaches until the end of the 1800s, when the discovery of X-rays and their use for the treatment of tumors provided the

Marine Bioactive Compounds from Functional Seafoods: Pharmacological Mechanisms and Health Applications.

Functional seafoods derived from marine organisms, including fish, shellfish and algae, are gaining increasing attention due to their high content of bioactive compounds, such as omega-3 fatty acids, peptides, polysaccharides and antioxidants, which provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. These marine-derived compounds exhibit a wide range of biological activities and have been investigated for their potential roles in the prevention and management of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, cancer and gastrointestinal disorders. Their effects are largely mediated