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Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in multiple sclerosis: Recent findings of clinical studies and animal models.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting millions worldwide, leading to significant disability. Current treatments focus on symptom management and reducing disease exacerbations. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have emerged as potential therapies due to their ability to modulate cortical excitability and neuroplasticity. This review explores the therapeutic potential of tDCS in MS patients by summarizing human and animal studies investigating its effects. Literature w…

Шаги в направлении внедрения нейрофильтров в множестве склерозов: характеристики пациентов, которым необходимо уделять приоритетное внимание в клинической практике.

Множественный склероз (MS) — хроническое заболевание центральной нервной системы, характеризующееся нейродегенерацией и воспалением. Нейрофильтральная световая цепочка (NfL), являющаяся белком, высвобождающимся во время аксоновых травм, получила признание в качестве потенциального биомаркера для мониторинга прогресса и реакции MS. Имеющиеся данные свидетельствуют о том, что NfL (bNfL) представляет собой минимально инвазивный, экономичный инструмент для отслеживания нейроаксональных повреждений. Регулярная оценка БНФЛ позволяет выявлять субклинические заболевания, направлять интенсификацию лече

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system disease characterized by neurodegeneration and inflammation. Neurofilament light chain (NfL), a protein released during axonal injury, has gained recognition as a potential biomarker for monitoring MS progression and treatment response. Evidence indicates that blood NfL (bNfL) offers a minimally inv…

A glia-enriched stem cell 3D model of the human brain mimics the glial-immune neurodegenerative phenotypes of multiple sclerosis.

The role of central nervous system (CNS) glia in sustaining self-autonomous inflammation and driving clinical progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) is gaining scientific interest. We applied a single transcription factor (SOX10)-based protocol to accelerate oligodendrocyte differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural precursor cells, generating self-organizing forebrain organoids. These organoids include neurons, astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and hiPSC-derived microglia to achieve immunocompetence. Over 8 weeks, organoids reproducibly generated mature CNS cel…

Renal diseases associated with multiple sclerosis: A narrative review.

The mechanisms of renal pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) can be related to the disease itself or its treatment. Although kidney disease can be associated with MS, not much has been reported in the literature; hence, our study aimed to describe the prevalence and types of renal diseases and discuss their prognosis in patients with MS. A literature search (2012-2022) was performed using the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles. The databases searched included MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE. Fourteen articles from these databases met the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteri…

Hydrogen-rich water improves neurological functional recovery in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The high costs, inconvenient administration, and side effects of current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs often lead to poor adherence to the long-term treatment of MS. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, and anti-cancer effects. In the present study, we explored the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on the progress of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (…

The retinal nerve fiber layer of patients with neuromyelitis optica and chronic relapsing optic neuritis is more severely damaged than patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: To compare the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in eyes of patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuritis (CRION). METHODS: Evaluation of 62 patients with RRMS, NMO, and CRION in a cross-sectional study with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: A total of 124 eyes were evaluated (96 RRMS, 18 NMO, and 10 CRION). Frequency of optic neuritis for each disease was: 34% for RRMS, 84% for NMO, and 100% for CRION. Visual acuity and RNFL thickness were significantly worse in NMO an…

Endothelial progenitor cells and rheumatic disorders.

In human adults, new blood vessels may form via endothelial sprouting from pre-existing endothelial cells/angioblasts (angiogenesis) or via the recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) (vasculogenesis). EPCs are a population of bone marrow-derived cells able to differentiate into mature endothelial cells and participating in the formation of new blood vessels. The molecular phenotype of EPCs and processes leading to their mobilization from bone marrow and homing to neovascularization sites remain unclear. There is still debate regarding methods for their quantification an

Azadirachta indica A. Juss Ameliorates Mouse Hepatitis Virus-Induced Neuroinflammatory Demyelination by Modulating Cell-to-Cell Fusion in an Experimental Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis.

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-induced murine neuroinflammation serves as a model to study acute meningoencephalomyelitis, hepatitis, and chronic neuroinflammatory demyelination; which mimics certain pathologies of the human neurologic disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). MHV-induced acute neuroinflammation occurs due to direct glial cell dystrophy instigated by central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia and astrocytes, in contrast to peripheral CD4+T cell-mediated myelin damage prevalent in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. Viral envelope Spike glycoprotein-media…

Erdheim-Chester disease as complex clinical presentation and diagnosis: A case report and concise review of literature.

RATIONALE: Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare multisystemic disease characterized by the infiltration of multiple organs by foamy CD68 + CD1a-histiocytes. The genetic background consists of gain-of-function somatic mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The purpose of the present paper is to make a contribution to the scientific literature on ECD by reporting our experience with a complex clinical case report, along with a concise review of the literature. We discussed the unusual clinical presentation, the complex diagnostic process and the comparison with other publi

Kinins and their B1 and B2 receptors as potential therapeutic targets for pain relief.

Kinins are endogenous peptides that belong to the kallikrein-kinin system, which has been extensively studied for over a century. Their esse … lude inflammatory (mainly arthritis), neuropathic (caused by different aetiologies, such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, antineoplastic toxicity and diabetes) and nociplastic (mainly fibromyalgia) pain. Moreover, we highlighted the pharmacological actions and possible clinical applications of the kinin B1 and B2 receptor antagonists, kallikrein inhibitors or kallikre …

Matrix metalloproteinase-9/gelatinase B is a putative therapeutic target of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and multiple sclerosis.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of proteolytic enzymes involved in an array of physiological and pathological processes … matoid arthritis, and the subjects of this review, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). COPD is the fourth most common cause of death in the United States. In COPD, increased expression of MMP-9 by inflammatory cells e.g. neutrophils and macrophages is correlated with a variety of processes that cause lung damage. MMP-9 is also i …

COX-2 inhibitors in inflammation and cancer: Recent developments in medicinal chemistry.

Chronic inflammation is being recognised as a pivotal contributor to the onset and progression of cancer and other severe conditions. The cyclooxygenase (COX) is an essential enzyme in inflammation. Although this enzyme is typically overexpressed by inflammation, in many diseases like liver cirrhosis, thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, neurological disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and cancer, its level increases persistently. This consistent expression contributes to its crucial role in tumour initiation and development. Additionally, COX-2 plays a dual role,…

Beyond Relapses: A Multimodal Biomarker Framework for Progression Independent of Relapse Activity and Smouldering Multiple Sclerosis.

Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) and smouldering multiple sclerosis (MS) represent major unmet challenges in contemporary MS care. Disability may accumulate independently of clinical relapses, driven in part by chronic compartmentalised inflammation behind a relatively intact blood-brain barrier and incompletely captured by conventional monitoring tools. This narrative review synthesises evidence across four complementary biomarker domains for detecting smouldering MS and PIRA: advanced MRI (paramagnetic rim lesions [PRLs], slowly expanding lesions, deep grey matter atrophy, …

Endothelial-to-mesenchymal Transition at the Blood-brain Barrier: Molecular Mechanisms and Pathological Roles Across Brain Diseases.

Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT) is a significant contributor to Blood- Brain Barrier (BBB) dysfunction in various brain diseas … ve EndMT within the distinctive, specialized environment of the brain endothelium. Ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, cerebral cavernous malformations, arteriovenous malformations, glioblastoma, brain metastasis, and Alzheimer's disease indicate that EndMT is not a rare or unique process but a shared and common pathologic process that may result in disease progres …

Иммунный рецептор SALMF5 регулирует миэлоидную нейроинфламмацию при множестве склерозов.

Множественный склероз (MS) — хроническое неврологическое расстройство, характеризующееся демиэлизацией центральной нервной системы (КНС), приводящее к широкому спектру физических и когнитивных расстройств. Миэлоидные клетки в рамках CNS, включая микроглию и связанные с границей макрофаги, играют центральную роль в нейроинфламматических процессах, связанных с MS. Активация этих ячеек способствует местным подстрекательским действиям и поощряет набор дополнительных иммунных клеток в ЦНК. SLAMF5 является рецептором поверхности клеток, который функционирует как молекула гомофального сцепления, спос

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to a broad spectrum of physical and cognitive impairments. Myeloid cells within the CNS, including microglia and border-associated macrophages, play a central role in the neuroinflammatory processes associated with MS. Activa…

Прогресс в нейроимизации множественных склерозов.

ЦЕЛЬ ОБЗОРА: Обобщение последних достижений в понимании патофизиологии множественных склерозов (MS), прогнозировании заболеваний и мониторинге реакции на лечение с использованием МРТ. ПОСЛЕДНИЕ ВЫВОДЫ: Повреждения парамагнитных ободов (ПЗК) весьма специфичны для MS и клинически актуальны. Обнаруженные с самых ранних стадий болезни, ПНР помогают отличать МУ от других заболеваний, повышая диагностическую точность. Кроме того, ПБД связаны с более серьезной инвалидностью и показателями повреждения мозга и могут предсказывать прогрессирование заболеваний. Аналогичным образом медленно расширяющиеся

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize recent advancements in understanding multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology, predicting disease course, and monitoring treatment responses using MRI. RECENT FINDINGS: Paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs) are highly specific to MS and clinically relevant. Detected from the earliest disease phases, PRLs aid in distinguishing MS fro…

Тип перегонки 1 диабет через ось эндоканнабиноидома-микробиота: системная биологическая перспектива.

Тип 1 диабет (T1D) давно признан аутоиммунным заболеванием на основе Т. Вместе с тем все больше фактов свидетельствует об участии в его развитии факторов, связанных с метаболизмом, подстрекательством и кишечной микробиотой. Эндоканнабиноидная система (ЭКС), являющаяся одним из ключевых регуляторов иммунного и метаболического гомеостаза, все чаще привлекается к аутоиммунной патофизиологии, в частности благодаря ее взаимодействию с кишечными метаболитами. В этой гипотетической статье подчеркивается необходимость пересмотра патофизиологии Т1D путем интеграции дисфункции ЭКС, кишечного дисбиоза и

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has long been recognized as a T-cell-driven autoimmune disease. However, growing evidence highlights the involvement o … s, observed in T1D as well as in celiac disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, suggest a common immune-metabolic axis across autoimmune disorders. Recognizing ECS dysregulation as a systemic feature of autoimmunity opens avenues for novel therapeutic interventions, including ECS-targeted treatments, microbiota modulation, and …

Choroid plexus volume changes in multiple sclerosis: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies.

PURPOSE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath within the central nervous system. The etiology of MS involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Recent studies indicated the potential role of the choroid plexus (CP) in the pathogenesis and progression of MS. This systematic review aims to assess existing research on the volume alterations of the CP in MS patients compared to the normal population. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Embase…

Stem cell therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is a highly contagious microorganism, and despite substantial investigati … property of stem cells led them to modulate the immune system of autoimmune diseases like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's. Because of their immunomodulatory properties, stem cell-based therapy employing mesenchymal or hematopoietic stem cells may be a viable alternative treatment option in some patients. By priming the immune system and providing cytok …

Mini-Review on SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Neurological Manifestations: A Perspective.

The coronavirus, also known as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-19), with its rapid rate of transmission, has prog … ta coronavirus and mouse hepatitis virus, which were studied for acute and chronic encephalitis and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Although the early symptoms of SARS-CoV are respiratory pathogenesis, the differential diagnosis should always be considered for neurological perspective to stop the mortalities.