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Exploration of binary protein-protein interactions between tick-borne flaviviruses and Ixodes ricinus.

BACKGROUND: Louping ill virus (LIV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are tick-borne flaviviruses that are both transmitted by the major European tick, Ixodes ricinus. Despite the importance of I. ricinus as an arthropod vector, its capacity to acquire and subsequently transmit viruses, known as vector competence, is poorly understood. At the molecular scale, vector competence is governed in part by binary interactions established between viral and cellular proteins within infected tick cells. METHODS: To investigate virus-vector protein-protein interactions (PPIs), the entire set of o…

Nested Species Distribution Models of Chlamydiales in Ixodes ricinus (Tick) Hosts in Switzerland.

The tick Ixodes ricinus is the vector of various pathogens, including Chlamydiales bacteria, which potentially cause respiratory infections. In this study, we modeled the spatial distribution of I. ricinus and associated Chlamydiales over Switzerland from 2009 to 2019. We used a total of 2,293 ticks and 186 Chlamydiales occurrences provided by a Swiss Army field campaign, a collaborative smartphone application, and a prospective campaign. For each tick location, we retrieved from Swiss federal data sets the environmental factors reflecting the topography, climate, and land cover. We then used …

Impact of vertebrate communities on Ixodes ricinus-borne disease risk in forest areas.

BACKGROUND: The density of questing ticks infected with tick-borne pathogens is an important parameter that determines tick-borne disease risk. An important factor determining this density is the availability of different wildlife species as hosts for ticks and their pathogens. Here, we investigated how wildlife communities contribute to tick-borne disease risk. The density of Ixodes ricinus nymphs infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), Borrelia miyamotoi, Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum among 19 forest sites were correlated to the encounter probability of diffe…

Forecasting next season's Ixodes ricinus nymphal density: the example of southern Germany 2018.

The castor bean tick, Ixodes ricinus (L.) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), is the principal vector of pathogens causing tick-borne encephalitis or Lyme borreliosis in Europe. It is therefore of general interest to make an estimate of the density of I. ricinus for the whole year at the beginning of the tick season. There are two necessary conditions for making a successful prediction: a long homogeneous time series of observed tick density and a clear biological relationship between environmental predictors and tick density. A 9-year time series covering the period 2009-2017 of nymphal I. ricinus flagged a…

Larvae of Ixodes ricinus transmit Borrelia afzelii and B. miyamotoi to vertebrate hosts.

BACKGROUND: Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-borne human disease and is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.). Borrelia miyamotoi, a relapsing fever spirochaete, is transmitted transovarially, whereas this has not been shown for B. burgdorferi (s.l). Therefore, B. burgdorferi (s.l) is considered to cycle from nymphs to larvae through vertebrates. Larvae of Ixodes ricinus are occasionally B. burgdorferi (s.l) infected, but their vector competence has never been studied. METHODS: We challenged 20 laboratory mice with field-collected larvae of I. ricinus. A subset of these lar…

Mitogenomes reveal diversity of the European Lyme borreliosis vector Ixodes ricinus in Italy.

In Europe, the Ixodes ricinus tick is the most important vector of the etiological agents of Lyme borreliosis and several other emerging tick-borne diseases. Because tick-borne pathogens are dependent on their vectors for transmission, understanding the vector population structure is crucial to inform public health research of pathogen dynamics and spread. However, the population structure and dynamics of this important vector species are not well understood as most genetic studies utilize short mitochondrial and nuclear sequences with little diversity. Herein we obtained and analyzed complete…

Distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus populations across central Britain.

Lyme borreliosis is rapidly emerging in the United Kingdom, with over 1000 cases per annum now reported. Lyme borreliosis is caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) group of spirochetes, which are transmitted by ixodid ticks. In the United Kingdom, Ixodes ricinus is recognized as the principal vector of the spirochetes, and this tick species is widely distributed across the country. However, as yet, it is unclear whether the distribution of B. burgdorferi essentially mirrors that of its vector, or if there are marked differences between the 2. The aim of this survey was to investi…

Prevalence and diversity of Babesia spp. in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Norway.

BACKGROUND: Ixodes ricinus ticks transmit Babesia species to vertebrate hosts. Using molecular tools we were able to detect the presence of this piroplasmid in its vector. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and identity of Babesia species in questing ticks collected in various areas of Norway. METHODS: DNA from questing l. ricinus ticks were examined with a realtime PCR for the presence of Babesia. Positive samples of tick DNA were identified to species using PCR, and sequence analysis. RESULTS: From a total of 1908 questing l. ricinus ticks, 17 (0.9%) indicated the pr…

Ixodes ricinus тикает слюной модуляции тикает вирусный инфекция энцефалита дендритных клеток.

Вирус энцефалита, передаваемый с помощью тик-сефалита, является важным патогеном человека, который, естественно, попадает в принимающую кожу с помощью укуса клеща. Для изучения воздействия вируса на диндритическую клеточную биологию мы культивировали дендритические клетки с двумя штаммами вируса энцефалита, передаваемыми клещами, с разной вирулентностью в присутствии слюны Иксодеса рицинуса. Увеличение доли инфицированных вирусом клеток в лечении слюны, сокращение производства вируса TNF-альфа и IL-6 и сокращение апоптоза, вызванного вирусом. Наши данные свидетельствуют о том, что галочка моди

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Tick-borne encephalitis virus is an important human pathogen, naturally delivered into host skin via a tick bite. To examine the effects of the virus on dendritic cell biology, we cultured dendritic cells with two tick-borne encephalitis virus strains of different virulence in the presence of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva. Tick saliva treatment increased propor…

Assessment of intraspecific mtDNA variability of European Ixodes ricinus sensu stricto (Acari: Ixodidae).

The Ixodes ricinus complex is composed of 14 species distributed worldwide. Some members of this complex are involved in the transmission of a number of diseases to animals and humans, in particular Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, ehrlichiosis and babesiosis. While the phylogenetic relationships between species of the I. ricinus complex have been investigated in the past, still little is known about the genetic structure within the species I. ricinus sensu stricto. We have investigated the intraspecific variability among 26 I. ricinus s.s. ticks collected in various European countri…

Molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Lithuania.

In Lithuania, 171-645 serologically confirmed cases of tick-borne encephalitis occurred annually [Mickiene et al. (2001): Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 20:886-888] in 1993-1999, and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) seroprevalence in the general population was found previously to be 3.0% [Juceviciene et al. (2002): J Clin Virol 25:23-27]. To assess the risk for TBEV virus infection in Lithuania and to characterize the agent a panel of 3,234 ticks combined into 436 pools [Juceviciene et al., 2005] were tested for presence of TBEV RNA by a nested RT-PCR targeting at the NS5 gene. Six po

Lack of Bartonella sp. in 167 Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in central Sweden.

Sudden death in Swedish orienteers was demonstrated to be significantly associated with antibodies to Bartonella sp. To test if these antibodies could be related with tick exposure, we searched Bartonella sp. in Ixodes ricinus ticks using specific PCR amplification and culture. No Bartonella sp. was detected in 167 ticks tested.

[Prevalence of Ixodes ricinus infection with Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.: seasonal and annual variations].

The present study deals with the ecology of Lyme borreliosis in Northern Poland. The complexity of environmental conditions are: (1) the presence of certain rodent hosts for the Borrelia, (2) the seasonal patterns of abundance and infection rate of I. ricinus in the population of rodents and on vegetation, (3) the prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l., B. garinii and B. afzelii. The long-term studies were carried out on a monthly basis from April to October (1998-2001) in woodlands at Urwitałt near Mikołajki on the Mazury Lakes. Two methods of spirochate detection were used: indirect immunofluores…

Joint and bone involvement in Swedish patients with Ixodes ricinus-borne Borrelia infection.

The presence of signs of joint involvement was investigated in 231 patients with erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius (ECMA), in 50 patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), in four patients with spirochete-induced facial palsy and in one patient with pericarditis and serologic evidence of Borrelia spirochetal infection. Only one of 16 untreated patients with ECMA developed arthritis. The patient with pericarditis had suffered from arthritis for 2 months when the cardiac symptoms developed. Thirteen of the patients with ACA had luxations/subluxations of small joints in the hands

Experimental mixed CNS infections in mice caused by three Ixodes ricinus transmitted Arboviruses.

Approximately 12-day-old mice were infected intracerebrally with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus (strain Hypr), Unkuniemi virus (strain By E50) and Tribec virus, as single virus inoculations, coinfections with two or three viruses, and sequential infections with two or three viruses at 24-hour intervals. The effect of mixed infections on mortality, morbidity and average survival time was recorded. The main findings were that: 1. Some mixed infections with TBE and UUK viruses reduced the mortality and acute morbidity significantly as compared to single infections with each virus. The averag

Tissue-Specific Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactivity of Ricinus communis L. Under Varying Agronomic Conditions.

Natural bioactive compounds have emerged as essential candidates for pharmaceutical development due to their high efficacy and low toxicity. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate how varying sowing dates and nitrogen treatments influence the phytochemical profile and biological activity of Ricinus communis L. Quantitative LC-MS/MS profiling of the aerial parts established quinic acid (94.789 mg/g), ellagic acid (39.955 mg/g), and gallic acid (35.732 mg/g) as the major phenolic-flavonoid compounds in the extract. The extracts exhibited strong antioxidant potential, with determined values o…

Prevalence of relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodes ricinus ticks from eastern Slovakia.

Borrelia miyamotoi, recurrent fever borrelia, pathogenic to humans, has been found recently in Ixodes ricinus ticks. There is still little information about its circulation in nature and potential local impact on human health as well as the occurrence in natural localities. In our study, a total of 1609 ticks (745 nymphs, 358 females and 506 males) collected from different localities in eastern Slovakia were analysed using a polymerase chain reaction targeting a gene encoding glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (glpQ), which is specific to the Borrelia species in the relapsing fever group.…

Ixodes ricinus Salivary Serpin Iripin-8 Inhibits the Intrinsic Pathway of Coagulation and Complement.

Tick saliva is a rich source of antihemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory molecules that actively help the tick to finish its blood meal. Moreover, these molecules facilitate the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. Here we present the functional and structural characterization of Iripin-8, a salivary serpin from the tick Ixodes ricinus, a European vector of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease. Iripin-8 displayed blood-meal-induced mRNA expression that peaked in nymphs and the salivary glands of adult females. Iripin-8 inhibited multiple proteases involved in blood coagulat…

Заболеваемость борелия бурдорфери sensu lato в клещах рикодов Ixodes, собранных из южной Польши.

В 2008-2011 годах были собраны клещи из южной Польши. Из 6336 лиц, собранных и идентифицированных как " Ixodes ricinus " , 768 (2 личинка, 84 нимфа, 417 женщин, 265 мужчин) были включены в молекулярное исследование. Цель этого исследования состояла в том, чтобы изучить распространенность и виды генотипов борелия бурдорфери сентиментального лато в клещах. Для обнаружения присутствия патогенов в клещах была применена цепная реакция полимеразы (ПХД). Впоследствии усиленная ДНК была переварена ферментом TasI. Уровень инфицирования составил 15% (116) обследованных клещей. Анализ PCR-RFLP …

Seasonal activity and tick-borne pathogen infection rates of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Hungary.

Ixodes ricinus is the most important tick species in Europe as it is most widely distributed and transmits the majority of tick-borne zoonotic pathogens. As limited data are available for Hungary, the aim of the present study was to investigate the seasonal timing of questing by I. ricinus and the infection rate of this tick species with all major tick-borne zoonotic pathogens. Monthly collections of I. ricinus were carried out over 3 consecutive years by dragging a blanket in 6 biotopes representing different areas of Hungary. Altogether, 1800 nymphs (300 per collection point) were screened a…