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Selective retinal arterial whitening in retinal astrocytic hamartoma in tuberous sclerosis.

This case report aims to describe and understand the mechanism behind the selective retinal arterial whitening in a case of retinal astrocytic hamartoma (RAH) associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Multimodal imaging of a late-adolescent female with TSC-associated RAH demonstrated unique vascular features including selective whitening of the retinal arteries with sparing of the retinal veins. Genetic testing confirmed a TSC2 (tuberin) gene mutation, known to affect the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway. To understand the mechanism behind selective arterial invo

Novel NaV1.6-Mitochondrial Complexes in Retinal Astrocyte Pockets Sequester GABA.

Voltage-gated sodium channels are best known for their capacity to generate and propagate electrical currents in neurons and muscle. Their expression in glial cells may also be of great importance given these cells' involvement in various disease processes. Here we identify a previously unrecognized voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.6-enriched microdomain in mouse retinal astrocytes. Using super-resolution confocal microscopy, electrophysiology, and transcriptomic analyses, we show that NaV1.6 forms high-density clusters within intracellular compartments devoid of the calcium-binding protein, …

Calcium Dynamics in Astrocyte-Neuron Communication from Intracellular to Extracellular Signaling.

Astrocytic calcium signaling is a central mechanism of neuron-glia communication that operates across multiple spatial and temporal scales. … receptor (CaSR) activation, ion channel modulation, surface charge effects, and ephaptic coupling, astrocytes emerge as active partners in both slow and rapid modes of communication. This dual perspective reshapes our understanding of brain physiology and disease. Disrupted Ca2+ signaling contributes to network instability in epilepsy, synaptic dysfunction …

Potassium-Dependent Coupling of Retinal Astrocyte Light Response to Müller Glia.

Astrocytes throughout the central nervous system mediate a variety of functions to support proper tissue physiology, including the regulation of blood flow and providing metabolic support to neurons. There is also growing appreciation for their role in directly modulating neuronal excitability and information transfer. Recently, we reported that astrocytes in the retina exhibit an array of neuronal-associated microstructural motifs whose structure and placement suggest roles in monitoring neuronal electrical activity or direct modulation of excitability. In this study, we record whole-cell pat…

The Endocannabinoid System in Retinal Müller Glia: Lessons From Astrocyte Research.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a widespread neuromodulatory system involved in both physiological and pathological processes. The ECS has been mainly characterized in neurons, but emerging evidence has revealed its presence in different glial cells. Many studies focused on the functions of the ECS in astrocytes, but its role in other glial cells remains poorly explored. Müller cells are the main glial cells in the retina, providing structural maintenance, metabolic support and neuroprotection to other retinal cells. However, the crosstalk between the ECS and Müller glia (MG) has been scan…

The functional regulation of protein composite nanofibers on human astrocyte for neural regeneration.

Collagen is an extracellular matrix molecule, and soy protein can potentially modulate neural immune activity. Nanofiber scaffolds fabricated from collagen and soy protein may enhance the neural repair process by conducting neural growth and regulating the immune response of neural tissue. Studies have reported that transplantation of fetal astrocytes may stimulate axonal regeneration and functional recover after spinal cord injury. Nanofibers may act as a matrix carrier for cell transplantation to enhance cell therapy. In this study, we fabricated nanofibers by collagen, soy protein isolate (…

Progressive Loss of Astrocytic AIBP Expression during Alzheimer's Disease Pathology.

Astrocytes and microglia play crucial roles in mediating neuroinflammation during Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. ApoA-I binding protein (APOA1BP, also known as AIBP/NAXE) attenuates neuroinflammation by blocking amyloid β-induced TLR4 inflammaraft formation and oxidative stress. Apoa1bp knockout in APP/PS1 mice exacerbates microgliosis, increases amyloid plaque burden, neuronal cell loss, and reduces survival at 6 months. Although APOA1BP mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in humans, its cell-type-specific distribution in the brain remains unclear. To examine AIBP protein expression in the …

Central neuropeptides as key modulators of astrocyte function in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Central neuropeptides are small proteins or peptides primarily produced and released by neurons. They act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuroregulators within the central nervous system (CNS). Numerous studies have demonstrated that these neuropeptides play a role in both normal neurophysiological processes and pathological conditions. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the CNS, are crucial for maintaining brain function and health, and they contribute significantly to the development of CNS disorders-especially neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Previous r…

Acid-Sensing PAC Channel Promotes Astrocyte Acidosis in Ischemic Stroke.

Astrocyte is critically involved in the central nervous system homeostasis and initiates tissue pathology in response to insults to the central nervous system. However, whether and how astrocytes sense micro-environmental changes, such as ischemic stroke-associated acidification, remains largely unknown. Here we show that the proton-activated chloride (PAC) channel is widely expressed in glial cells in the brain and functionally mediates acid-induced chloride influx. Moreover, conditional knockout of the PAC channel in astrocytes, but not in microglia, reduced infarct volume in a mouse model o…

Clinical potential of [18F]FET PET in patients with circumscribed astrocytic glioma.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical potential of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET) PET imaging in the management of circumscribed astrocytic gliomas (CAG), a rare glioma subtype with limited imaging data. METHODS: We retrospectively identified adult CAG patients who underwent [18F]FET PET imaging (i) before diagnosis, (ii) at suspected relapse, or (iii) for response assessment at three institutions. Maximum and mean tumor-to-brain ratios (TBRmax, TBRmean) and metabolic tumor volumes were assessed according to the PET RANO 1.0 criteria. Diagnostic performance in differentiating tre

Inorganic nitrate stores, astrocyte metabolism and brain health: An emerging paradigm.

Inorganic nitrate plays a crucial role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and neurotransmission through its conversion to nitric oxide (NO). Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells and contribute to maintain the blood-brain barrier integrity, regulate neuronal metabolism, support synaptic plasticity and facilitate neurovascular coupling. Inorganic nitrate widely distributed through all organs, with main reservoirs in skeletomuscular and skin tissues. These reserves are easily accessible via bloodstream and processed into nitrite and NO mainly in liver. Processing nitrate/nitrite into NO a…

The astrocytic engine: Na+,K+-ATPase at the nexus of brain function and malfunction.

Astrocytes are fundamental for brain homeostasis and act as dynamic signaling elements within the central nervous system. By maintaining ionic balance, neurotransmitter turnover, and metabolic support, they sustain neuronal excitability and network stability. Ionic excitability of astrocytes is mediated primarily by fluctuations of intracellular Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- ions. Central to these processes is the Na+,K+-ATPase, which maintains transmembrane Na+ and K+ gradients, driving secondary active transport, including uptake of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and thei…

Astrocytic spermidine insufficiency contributes to enhanced pain sensitivity associated with ApoE4.

Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition with limited effective treatments, closely associated with astrocytes and their role in central sensitization. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), predominantly expressed in astrocytes in central nervous system, exists in three ApoE isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4) in humans, with ApoE4 linked to increased susceptibility to neurological diseases. However, the relationship between ApoE4 and neuropathic pain, as well as underlying mechanisms, remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that mice expressing human ApoE4 (ApoE4-TR) displayed increased pain sensit…

Cortical astrocyte activation triggers meningeal nociception and migraine-like pain.

Cortical astrocytes were implicated in migraine attacks involving cortical spreading depolarizations and related aura symptoms. However, whether the activation of cortical astrocytes is sufficient to generate migraine headaches is unknown. We investigated the role of cortical astrocytes in migraine pain triggering using a DREADD-based chemogenetic approach to activate visual cortex astrocytes, assessing its effect on the responses of meningeal nociceptors, the development of migraine-like behaviors, and their dependence on peripheral CGRP signaling. In a rat model, activating cortical astrocyt…

Astrocytic Regulation of aberrant perineuronal net formation in Mecp2 -null Neocortex.

Rett syndrome (RTT), caused by mutations in MECP2 , is a complex neurological disorder characterized by myriad physiological disruptions, in … mous or non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. While PNNs form on subsets of neurons throughout the brain, astrocytes secrete many ECM components that form PNNs, and they play a central role in controlling closure of the critical period. We find that Mecp2 -null astrocyte conditioned media induces the expression of the key PNN component Hapln1 and causes enhanced P …

Astrocyte-neuron combined targeting for CYP46A1 gene therapy in Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal expansion of cytosine-adenine-guanosine (CAG) trinucleotidein the huntingtin gene. Mutant huntingtin (mHTT) expression in neurons and glial cells affects neuron and astrocyte functions and leads to the loss of medium spiny neurons of the striatum. Brain cholesterol pathway is severely affected by HTT mutation in neurons and astrocytes, contributing to HD pathogenesis. Decreased cholesterol production and transport by astrocytes impair synapse maturation and neurotransmission. Brain cholesterol me…

Microvascular and astrocytic responses to repeated magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound.

Focused ultrasound (FUS), in combination with microbubbles, enables the transient and localized opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for targeted drug delivery. While this technique has shown promise in preclinical models, the safety and neurovascular consequences of repeated BBB permeabilization remain incompletely understood. In this study, we performed a longitudinal assessment of vascular, microstructural, and glial responses following repeated FUS-mediated BBB opening in healthy rats using magnetic resonance (MR)-guided targeting and MR vascular fingerprinting. FUS sessions were condu

Множественный склероз: иммунная атака на ион с астроцитами и гомеостаз с водой.

Множественный склероз (MS) — вызывающее демиелинирование заболевание ЦНС. Цепочка событий, которые приводят к демиелионирующим повреждениям, не понятна, хотя большинство теорий предполагают, что основной иммунный приступ на миелине. Однако молекула глиального сцепления клеток GlialCAM, являющаяся частью белкового комплекса в астроцитическом концете, который имеет решающее значение для иона мозга и гомеостазиса воды, была недавно определена в качестве цели автономного иммунитета у пациентов с MS. Этот комплекс включает также астроцитический трансмембранный белок ТЗК1, аквапорин 4 (AQP4) и канал

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. The chain of events that results in demyelinating lesions is no … ns cause leukodystrophies with disruption of brain ion and water homeostasis, which is regulated by astrocytes and secondarily affects myelin. In this Perspective, we argue that an immune attack on the ion and water homeostasis machinery in astrocytic endfeet, rather than directly on myelin, is the primary event in MS and that myelin damage is a consequence …

Identification of the antidepressant effect of electroconvulsive stimulation-related genes in hippocampal astrocyte.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) remains a significant global health concern, with limited and slow efficacy of existing antidepressants. Ele … sion-like behaviors and the reduction of hippocampal astrocyte were recovered by ECS. Following it, astrocytes were isolated from the hippocampus of this model and RNA-seq was performed with these isolated astrocytes. Interestingly, gene expression patterns altered by CORT were reversed by ECS. Additionally, cell proliferation-related signaling pathways were …

Blood Astrocyte Biomarkers in Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuroinflammation, particularly early astrocyte reactivity, is a significant driver of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis. It is unclear how the levels of astrocyte biomarkers change in patients across the AD continuum and which best reflect AD-related change. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of 3 blood astrocyte biomarkers (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], chitinase-3-like protein 1 [YKL-40], and S100B) in patients clinically diagnosed with AD. METHODS: MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched on March 23, 2023, without restrictions on lan