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Unveiling the unique interaction mechanism of herpes simplex virus 2 glycoprotein C with C3b.

The complement cascade is part of the first line of defence against viral infections, and many viruses have evolved to block it. For example, glycoprotein C (gC) from Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (gC1 and gC2) facilitates infection by modulating the complement cascade through an interaction with C3b. gC is also involved in attachment and other viral processes. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of gC have been limited due to the absence of a structure. AlphaFold predicts that gC contains a disordered N-terminus and three immunoglobulin-like domains. Here, we generated vario…

Decompressive Craniectomy With Abdominal Bone Flap Preservation in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: A Case Report.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a rare but severe condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Although antiviral therapy with acyclovir has improved outcomes, some patients develop complications such as focal hemorrhagic necrosis and edema in the temporal lobe, with subsequent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and uncal herniation, necessitating surgical intervention. We report a pediatric case of HSE with life-threatening ICP refractory to sedation, osmotic therapy, and moderate hyperventilation. Despite aggressive treatment, the patient underwent a left-sided …

Overcoming Resistance: A Comprehensive Review and Treatment Approach for Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Keratitis.

PURPOSE: To comprehensively review the treatment approach for acyclovir (ACV)-resistant herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). METHODS: We thoroughly searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus for relevant keywords and conducted this narrative review which explores the diagnosis of ACV-resistant HSK, and discusses alternative treatment strategies, reports previous cases. RESULTS: Treatment strategies for ACV-resistant HSK include increasing ACV doses, switching to oral valacyclovir (VACV), and using topical antivirals such as foscarnet (FOS), ganciclovir (GCV), trifluridine, and cidofovir. Debride…

MicroRNAs as regulators of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.

INTRODUCTION: Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 is a prevalent sexually transmitted pathogen that causes genital herpes and severe neurological complications, including meningitis and encephalitis. A major challenge in HSV-2 infection is the uncontrolled inflammatory response mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to pyroptosis and excessive cytokine secretion. Despite its significant clinical burden, the molecular mechanisms underlying HSV-2-induced inflammation remain poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs play a crucial role in regulating host immune responses and …

Когда неврология переполняется: герпес Simpex Virus Encephalit в пациенте с прогрессивным множественным склерозом.

Энцефалит вируса герпеса (HSVE) является наиболее распространенной причиной спорадического вирусного энцефалита у взрослых и при отсутствии лечения несет с собой значительную заболеваемость и смертность. Мы сообщаем о случае пациентки среднего возраста с прогрессивным множественным склерозом (MS), у которой появились острые симптомы желудочно-кишечного заболевания, за которыми последовали быстрая нейропсихиатрия, экспрессивная афазия и припадки мозга. Согласно первоначальной оценке, инфекционный гастроэнтерит, гипонатраемия и возможное обострение MS. Несмотря на частичную биохимическую коррекц

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) is the most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis in adults and carries significant morbidity and mortality if untreated. We report the case of a middle-aged female patient with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) who developed acute gastrointestinal symptoms followed by rapid neuropsychiatric deterioration, exp…

Trigeminal Neuralgia Secondary to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection Treated With Oral Acyclovir.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is characterized by episodic electric, shock-like facial pain. Though often idiopathic, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) reactivation can rarely cause symptomatic TN. We report the case of a 30-year-old woman who developed oral HSV-1 lesions followed by right-sided TN pain. MRI of the brain did not reveal neurovascular compression. TN pain completely resolved with oral acyclovir treatment alone, without anticonvulsants. This highlights the importance of considering atypical etiologies such as HSV-1 reactivation in TN evaluation. Early antiviral therapy may treat un…

Impact of Tobacco Use on Herpes Simplex Virus Infections: Findings From a National Survey.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, primarily caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2, are prevalent worldwide and carry significant health implications. The impact of tobacco use on HSV infections, however, remains underexplored. This cross-sectional study utilized the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2009-2016) to investigate the link between Tobacco use and HSV infections among U.S. adults. Smoking status, volume, and serum cotinine levels were analyzed, alongside demographic and behavioral factors. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to adjust for confounde…

Asymptomatic neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in mice leads to long-term cognitive impairment.

Neonatal herpes simplex virus (nHSV) is a devastating infection impacting approximately 14,000 newborns globally each year. Infection is associated with high neurologic morbidity and mortality, making early intervention and treatment critical. Clinical outcomes of symptomatic nHSV infections are well-studied, but little is known about the frequency of, or outcomes following, sub-clinical or asymptomatic nHSV. Given the ubiquitous nature of HSV infection and frequency of asymptomatic shedding in adults, subclinical infections are underreported, yet could contribute to long-term neurological dam…

Management of Oral Manifestations of Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella Zoster Virus, and Human Papillomavirus.

Human herpes virus is a family of DNA viruses that includes herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). HSV-1 and HSV-2 are fairly common and result in oral and genital lesions. Recurrent infections of herpes include lesions on the lips resulting in pain and possibly societal stigma, making adequate treatment of these conditions crucial. VZV is the cause of chicken pox and shingles. Acyclovir and other nucleoside analogues have been the gold standard of treatment for HSV and VZV, but newer, more effective treatments are being developed, which is beneficial regarding the issue …

Herpes Simplex Virus Meningoencephalitis Masquerading as Acute Stroke With Broca's Aphasia: A Case Report.

This case report presents a rare and unique instance of a 70-year-old morbidly obese female with type 2 diabetes mellitus and bilateral lymphedema, who presented with fever and expressive aphasia, initially suspected to be a stroke. A negative CT scan prompted the performance of an MRI, which revealed suggestive imaging findings of herpes encephalitis. Following the MRI, the patient experienced seizures and required intubation in the intensive care unit. Subsequently, a lumbar puncture was performed, confirming the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) meningoencephalitis. Prompt initiation …

Antiviral activity of red algae phycocolloids against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a human infectious agent with significant impact on public health due to its high prevalence in the population and its ability to elicit a wide range of diseases, from mild to severe. Although several antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, are currently available to treat HSV-2-related clinical manifestations, their effectiveness is poor. Therefore, the identification and development of new antiviral drugs against HSV-2 is necessary. Seaweeds are attractive candidates for such purposes because they are a vast source of natural products due to their highly di…

Acute Herpes Simplex Virus Laryngitis Presenting as Airway Obstruction Post Influenza: A Viral Pneumonia.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) typically presents with mucocutaneous or genital ulcerations but can also manifest with central nervous system involvement and occasionally other visceral or mucosal sites. However, laryngeal involvement almost exclusively presents in infants and children. Very few confirmed adult cases have been reported. Adults present with a broad spectrum of symptoms, usually in the context of significant immunocompromise. Diagnosis is difficult given a wide spectrum of nonspecific presenting symptoms and usually requires tissue biopsy. Frequently, patients have severe laryngeal …

Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis after Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Rare Case Report.

An 85-year-old woman was diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The patient was treated with dexamethasone, and the infection was cured. She later developed a low-grade fever and fell unconscious. Positivity for herpes simplex virus deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (HSV-DNA PCR) was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, so she was diagnosed with HSV encephalitis. The patient was treated with antiviral drugs and recovered from the HSV encephalitis. This case suggests that, in patients with COVID-19 and disorders of consciousness, the possibility of HSV encephalitis sh…

Herpes simplex encephalitis with normal brain magnetic resonance imaging and normocellular initial cerebrospinal fluid.

Case presentation: However, after four days, the patient's HSE diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. This case highlights the importance of utilizing multiple diagnostic aids and not solely relying on initial test results, as infections may not appear in CSF analysis or MRI scans initially. Furthermore, this case also emphasizes the necessity of initiating empirical treatment based on clinical signs and symptoms, even in cases where diagnostic tests initially appear negative. Prompt and efficient diagnosis an…

Disseminated herpes simplex infection induced hepatitis during pregnancy mimicking HELLP syndrome, a diagnostic challenge.

The disseminated herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) carries a high mortality rate in pregnant women if left unrecognized. It often presents as unrelieved fever and hepatitis. Diagnosis is challenging due to vague symptoms and potential overlap with other conditions. Pregnancy is a risk factor as it conforms to a partially immunocompromised state. Dissemination to the brain could be devastating, and the treatment requires intravenous antivirals like acyclovir. Fetal outcomes are variable based on previous case reports. We present a case of young female gravida 1 para 1 who presented with disseminat…

Cerebrospinal Fluid Extracellular Vesicles with Distinct Properties in Autoimmune Encephalitis and Herpes Simplex Encephalitis.

Encephalitis mediated by autoantibodies against neuronal antigens and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) are seemingly separate causes of encephalopathy in adults. Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is autoimmune in origin, and herpes simplex encephalitis is infectious. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exosomes from patients with antibody-positive AE and HSE. Towards this, exosomes were isolated from CSF from 13 patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, 11 patients with anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB) receptor encephali…

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Meningoencephalitis in an Immunocompetent Young Adolescent Female.

The case that we report occurred in a previously healthy, fully immunized 13-year-old female presenting with severe unilateral headaches and generalized tonic-clonic seizures and subsequently diagnosed with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) meningoencephalitis. The patient was successfully treated with acyclovir and seizures were controlled with valproic acid. The HSV meningoencephalitis has high morbidity and mortality. Our case highlights one of the severe presentations of HSV meningoencephalitis in young adolescents that can manifest with headaches, fever, seizures, focal neurologic signs…

Herpes Simplex Virus Meningoencephalitis Following Pulse-Dose Methylprednisolone: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND Several cases of herpes simplex virus type 1 meningoencephalitis (HSVE) have been reported in patients receiving steroids, but the exact contribution of steroids to the disorder remains unclear because other risk factors, such as chemotherapy, brain radiation, or surgery, were present in almost all cases. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 76-year-old man who developed HSVE following the administration of pulse-dose steroids. The patient had occupational asbestos exposure and a chronic interstitial lung disease of unclear etiology (sarcoidosis versus hypersensitivity pneumonitis) a…

Association of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation for herpes simplex labialis resolution: Case series.

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) with photobiomodulation therapy (PBT) can be used in herpes simplex and may have a role in improving modulation of inflammatory process, pain relief and acceleration of tissue repair. This article reports through a case series, a proposal for an efficient resolution in clinical manifestations of herpes simplex labialis using aPDT associated with PBT.