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[Immunotherapy - The New Era of Oncology].

In the field of immunotherapy, essential progress was achieved over the past years partially demonstrating long lasting therapeutic responses in different tumor entities. A better understanding of the interactions between the tumor and the immune system as well as the integration of immunotherapeutic approaches into clinical routine were the foundations for this development. The different approaches intervene on multiple levels of the immune response and directly or indirectly mount the patient's own immune defense against tumor cells. Immunotherapeutic approaches are represented by cytokine t

Многоступенчатые ассоциации патогенеза и болезней Mycobacterium avium подраздел паратуберкулез.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. паратуберкулез (MAP) является основным агентом причинно-следственной связи болезни Джона (JD) в румынках и имеет потенциальные последствия для здоровья населения. Совокупные эпидемиологические и молекулярные данные предполагают, что MAP может способствовать болезни Крона (CD), в то время как его связь с множественным склерозом (MS), тип 1 Болелезный диабет (T1DM) и амиотропический боковой склероз (ALS) остаются ассоциативными без подтвержденной причинно-следственной связи. В настоящем описательном обзоре синтезируются данные о распределении по окружающей среде, генот

The journey of boswellic acids from synthesis to pharmacological activities.

There has been a lot of interest in using naturally occurring substances to treat a wide variety of chronic disorders in recent years. From the gum resin of Boswellia serrata and Boswellia carteri, the pentacyclic triterpene molecules known as boswellic acid (BA) are extracted. We aimed to provide a detailed overview of the origins, chemistry, synthetic derivatives, pharmacokinetic, and biological activity of numerous Boswellia species and their derivatives. The literature searched for reports of B. serrata and isolated BAs having anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic,

Promising Experimental Treatments for Lupus Nephritis: Key Talking Points and Potential Opportunities.

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a frequent and serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), impairing patients' quality of life and significantly increasing mortality. Despite optimizing the use of conventional immunosuppressants and other biological drugs, its management remains unsatisfactory. This is mainly due to the heterogeneity of SLE, but also to insufficiently effective treatment regimens and clinical trial limitations (strict criteria, low number of patients included, and side effects). Most clinical trials of new biological therapies have failed to meet their primary endpoint

Cytokines in CAR T Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells provide new therapeutic options for patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies. However, neurotoxicity is a frequent, and potentially fatal, complication. The spectrum of manifestations ranges from delirium and language dysfunction to seizures, coma, and fatal cerebral edema. This novel syndrome has been designated immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). In this review, we draw an arc from our current understanding of how systemic and potentially local cytokine release act on the CNS, toward possible preventive and

Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery to Cancer Stem Cells: A Review of Recent Advances.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cells that can initiate, self-renew, and sustain tumor growth. CSCs are responsible for tumor metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance in cancer therapy. CSCs reside within a niche maintained by multiple unique factors in the microenvironment. These factors include hypoxia, excessive levels of angiogenesis, a change of mitochondrial activity from aerobic aspiration to aerobic glycolysis, an upregulated expression of CSC biomarkers and stem cell signaling, and an elevated synthesis of the cytochromes P450 family of enzymes responsible for drug

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… However, NPs with a short circulation time are rapidly taken up by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), prior to uptake by the tumor vasculature. Therefore, NPs should be surface modified to prolong their residence time in circulation [ 32 , 33 ]. …

Nuclear receptors in health and disease: signaling pathways, biological functions and pharmaceutical interventions.

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a large family of ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate the expression of a wide range of target genes in response to endogenous and exogenous ligands, including steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, vitamin D, retinoic acid, fatty acids, and oxidative steroids. Upon ligand binding, nuclear receptors form dimer complexes with transcriptional cofactors, which interact with specific DNA sequences in the promoter or enhancer regions of target genes to modulate gene expression. This process plays a crucial role in many physiological processes such as reprodu

Targeting the Kynurenine Pathway: A Novel Approach in Tumor Therapy.

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Postoperative Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction: The Prime Suspect in the Case of Metastasis Following Curative Cancer Surgery.

Surgical resection is the foundation for the curative treatment of solid tumors. However, metastatic recurrence due to the difficulty in eradicating micrometastases remain a feared outcome. Paradoxically, despite the beneficial effects of surgical removal of the primary tumor, the physiological stress resulting from surgical trauma serves to promote cancer recurrence and metastasis. The postoperative environment suppresses critical anti-tumor immune effector cells, including Natural Killer (NK) cells. The literature suggests that NK cells are critical mediators in the formation of metastases i

Integumentary System

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Updates in novel immunotherapeutic strategies for relapsed/refractory AML.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a severe hematological malignancy with poor outcomes, particularly in older adults. Traditional treatment options like high-dose chemotherapy often lead to refractory or relapsed AML, with even worse outcomes. New therapies for relapsed and refractory AML are needed, and this review explores the most recent advancements in immunotherapy in AML. Checkpoint Inhibitors utilizing innate or adaptive immune targeting have shown potential to improve AML outcomes when combined with hypomethylating agents and chemotherapy. The use of adoptive cell therapy in AML demonstr

2020 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference.

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Targeting inflammation as cancer therapy.

Inflammation has accompanied human beings since the emergence of wounds and infections. In the past decades, numerous efforts have been undertaken to explore the potential role of inflammation in cancer, from tumor development, invasion, and metastasis to the resistance of tumors to treatment. Inflammation-targeted agents not only demonstrate the potential to suppress cancer development, but also to improve the efficacy of other therapeutic modalities. In this review, we describe the highly dynamic and complex inflammatory tumor microenvironment, with discussion on key inflammation mediators i

From Pioneering Discoveries to Innovative Therapies: A Journey Through the History and Advancements of Nanoparticles in Breast Cancer Treatment.

Nanoparticle technology has revolutionized breast cancer treatment by offering innovative solutions addressing the gaps in traditional treatment methods. This paper aimed to comprehensively explore the historical journey and advancements of nanoparticles in breast cancer treatment, highlighting their transformative impact on modern medicine. The discussion traces the evolution of nanoparticle-based therapies from their early conceptualization to their current applications and future potential. We initially explored the historical context of breast cancer treatment, highlighting the limitations

Vaccination of Immunocompromised Cats.

Immunocompromise is a common condition in cats, especially due to widespread infections with immunosuppressive viruses, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), but also due to chronic non-infectious diseases, such as tumours, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, as well as treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, such as glucocorticoids, cyclosporins, or tumour chemotherapy. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from eleven European countries, discusses

Field-Deployable Treatments For Leishmaniasis: Intrinsic Challenges, Recent Developments and Next Steps.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease endemic primarily to low- and middle-income countries, for which there has been inadequate development of affordable, safe, and efficacious therapies. Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis range from self-healing skin lesions to lethal visceral infection with chances of relapse. Although treatments are available, secondary effects limit their use outside the clinic and negatively impact the quality of life of patients in endemic areas. Other non-medicinal treatments, such as thermotherapies, are limited to use in patients with cutaneous leishman

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… The Mononuclear Phagocyte System: the Relationship between Monocytes and Macrophages. Trends Immunol . 2019;40(2):98–112. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.007 164. Oliveira WN, Ribeiro LE, Schrieffer A, Machado P, Carvalho EM, Bacellar O. …

Exploiting Nanomedicine for Cancer Polychemotherapy: Recent Advances and Clinical Applications.

The most important limitations of chemotherapeutic agents are severe side effects and the development of multi-drug resistance. Recently, the clinical successes achieved with immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of several advanced-stage malignancies, but most patients do not respond and many of them develop immune-related adverse events. Loading synergistic combinations of different anti-tumor drugs in nanocarriers may enhance their efficacy and reduce life-threatening toxicities. Thereafter, nanomedicines may synergize with pharmacological, immunological, and physical combined tre

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… The Mononuclear Phagocyte System: The Relationship between Monocytes and Macrophages Trends Immunol. 2019 40 98 112 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.007 30579704 146. Ryman-Rasmussen J.P. Riviere J.E. Monteiro-Riviere N.A. …

Urgent considerations on renal immune-related adverse events in oncology practice.

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a critical component of hematological malignancies and solid malignant tumors therapy. However, clinical practice has revealed that these agents may induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Notably, renal irAEs stands out as a significant clinical concern, frequently necessitating treatment discontinuation and thereby enabling tumor progression. Renal irAEs constitutes a critical consideration for patients with cancer complicated by chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review systematically examines the immunologic pathoge

A review on Gaucher disease: therapeutic potential of β-glucocerebrosidase-targeted mRNA/saRNA approach.

Gaucher disease (GD), a rare hereditary lysosomal storage disorder, occurs due to a deficiency in the enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). This deficiency leads to the buildup of substrate glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in macrophages, eventually resulting in various complications. Among its three types, GD2 is particularly severe with neurological involvements. Current treatments, such as enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), are not effective for GD2 and GD3 due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Other treatment approaches, such as gene or chaperone therapies are still in expe

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… The accumulation occurs in the mononuclear phagocyte system, mainly in spleen histiocytes, bone marrow, lymph nodes, Kupffer cells in the liver, osteoclasts in bone, microglia in the central nervous system (CNS), alveolar macrophages in lungs, etc. 16 . …

Mathematical modeling in cancer nanomedicine: a review.

Cancer continues to be among the leading healthcare problems worldwide, and efforts continue not just to find better drugs, but also better drug delivery methods. The need for delivering cytotoxic agents selectively to cancerous cells, for improved safety and efficacy, has triggered the application of nanotechnology in medicine. This effort has provided drug delivery systems that can potentially revolutionize cancer treatment. Nanocarriers, due to their capacity for targeted drug delivery, can shift the balance of cytotoxicity from healthy to cancerous cells. The field of cancer nanomedicine h