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Research progress of quality control for the seed of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F. Chow (Suan-Zao-Ren) and its proprietary Chinese medicines.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (SZS), the seed of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F. Chow (Chinese name Suan-Zao-Ren), is widely distributed in China, Laos, Myanmar, and Iran. It is a classic traditional Chinese medicine with sedative and sleeping effects. In clinical practice, there are more than 155 proprietary Chinese medicines containing SZS. However, many commercial SZS products are difficult to qualify using current methods. Moreover, there is a scarcity of quality standards for SZS in proprietary Chinese medicines. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of t…

Nationwide HIV-, MDR-TB survey in Japan and collaborative study in the Philippines.

BACKGROUND: Although the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and HIV infection in Japan is low, careful monitoring of these two diseas … 7 out of 53 MDR-TB patients were foreigners: 13 were from China, 4 from the Philippines, and 3 from Myanmar. Thirty nine among 53 MDR-TB patients were cured or treatment was completed with favorable prognosis. Five deaths (9.4%) and six departures from Japan (11.3%) were noted. In the HIV-TB survey in National Hospitals, the HIV-positive rates on MTB were …

Plasmodium knowlesi in travellers, update 2014.

OBJECTIVES: Since the initial discovery of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysia, cases have been reported from several neighbouring countries. To … d cases of P. knowlesi malaria have been reported in Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, Singapore, Myanmar, Indonesian Borneo, and Cambodia. Two cases have been reported from non-endemic countries in Asia (Japan and Taiwan) in people with a history of travel to Malaysia and the Philippines. Twelve cases were imported to their home countries by travellers …

Assessment of Hg contamination and exposure to miners and schoolchildren at a small-scale gold mining and recovery operation in Thailand.

Gold extracted by Hg-amalgamation process, which can cause both health and environmental problems, is widespread in South East Asia including Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Small-scale gold mining operations have been carried out since the year 2000 in Phanom Pha District, Phichit Province, Thailand. Since no data is available for evaluating Hg exposure, an investigation of mercury (Hg) contamination and exposure assessment was carried out at this mine site. Environmental monitoring illustrated the total Hg in water was as high as 4 microg/l while Hg in sediment ranged between 102 to 3…

An Overview on Epidemiology of Tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a progressive granulomatous infectious disease caused by the gram positive, acid fast bacilli classified under the genu … ses of TB continue to occur each year in this region, most of them in India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand. Tuberculosis is a social disease with medical aspects. It has also been described as a barometer of social welfare. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under-nutrition, smo …

Prevalence and correlates of HIV discordance and concordance among Chinese-Burmese mixed couples in the Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province, China.

BACKGROUND: Many people from Burma have migrated to Dehong prefecture and married local residents during the past decades; however, little is known about HIV risk-taking behaviours and HIV prevalence among these mixed couples. We investigated factors correlated with HIV discordance and concordance within Chinese?Burmese mixed couples in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with face-to-face questionnaire interviews and HIV blood testing was conducted. RESULTS: Of 5742 couples, 1.6% couples were HIV-infected concordant, 2.2% were HIV serodiscordant with

Endemic goiter in Southeast Asia. New clothes on an old body.

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Extracranial correction of frontoethmoidal meningoencephaloceles: feasibility and outcome in 52 consecutive cases.

BACKGROUND: Although rare in the West, frontoethmoidal meningoencephaloceles are a common problem in Southeast Asia. The patients present with congenital herniation of brain tissue from the anterior cranial fossa through a defect in the facial skeleton. Associated craniofacial deformities include hypertelorism, orbital dystopia, and elongation of the face. The natural history of the disease is progressive, and the life expectancy of affected patients is drastically reduced. Conventional surgical therapy includes extracranial and intracranial approaches with frontal craniotomy or trepanation of

Epidemiological, clinical, and public health response characteristics of a large outbreak of diphtheria among the Rohingya population in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, 2017 to 2019: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Unrest in Myanmar in August 2017 resulted in the movement of over 700,000 Rohingya refugees to overcrowded camps in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. A large outbreak of diphtheria subsequently began in this population. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Data were collected during mass vaccination campaigns (MVCs), contact tracing activities, and from 9 Diphtheria Treatment Centers (DTCs) operated by national and international organizations. These data were used to describe the epidemiological and clinical features and the control measures to prevent transmission, during the first 2 years of the outbre…

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

BACKGROUND: Chewing tobacco and other types of smokeless tobacco use have had less attention from the global health community than smoked to … 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (-0·94% [-1·72 to -0·14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had signif …

The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia: A cluster randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) threatens global malaria elimination efforts. Mass drug administration (MDA), the presumptive antimalarial treatment of an entire population to clear the subclinical parasite reservoir, is a strategy to accelerate malaria elimination. We report a cluster randomised trial to assess the effectiveness of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) MDA in reducing falciparum malaria incidence and prevalence in 16 remote village populations in Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Lao Peopl…

Estimates of Japanese Encephalitis mortality and morbidity: A systematic review and modeling analysis.

BACKGROUND: Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is known for its high case fatality ratio (CFR) and long-term neurological sequelae. Over the years, … ver 20% for after 2018, whereas the projected JE CFRs were below 10% in China, Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Thailand. For disability, we estimated that 36% (min-max 0-85) JE patients recovered fully at hospital discharge. One year after hospital discharge, 46% (min-max 0%-97%) JE survivors were estimated to live normally but 49% (min-max 3% …

Global situation of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever, and its emergence in the Americas.

About two-thirds of the world's population live in areas infested with dengue vectors, mainly Aedes aegypti. All four dengue viruses are cir … er of reported cases has been noted in the Philippines, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, India, Singapore and Sri Lanka during the period 1991-1995 as compared to the preceding 5-year period. In the Americas, the emergence of epidemic DHF occurred in 1981 almost 30 years after its appearance in Asia, and its incidence is show …

2017: a year in review.

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Adding rapid diagnostic tests to community-based programmes for treating malaria.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends parasitological testing of all suspected malaria cases using malaria rapid diagno … e events. MAIN RESULTS: We included eight studies from several African countries, Afghanistan, and Myanmar. Staff included CHWs and drug shop vendors.  Community use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests compared to clinical diagnosis Compared to clinical diagnosis, mRDT diagnosis results in reduced prescribing of antimalarials to people who are found to be …

Childhood encephalitis in the Greater Mekong region (the SouthEast Asia Encephalitis Project): a multicentre prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Encephalitis is a worldwide public health issue, with a substantially high burden among children in southeast Asia. We aimed to determine the causes of encephalitis in children admitted to hospitals across the Greater Mekong region by implementing a comprehensive state-of-the-art diagnostic procedure harmonised across all centres, and identifying clinical characteristics related to patients' conditions. METHODS: In this multicentre, observational, prospective study of childhood encephalitis, four referral hospitals in Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar recruited children (aged 2…

The impact of aid sanctions on maternal and child mortality, 1990-2019: a panel analysis.

BACKGROUND: Aid sanctions are a type of financial punishment imposed on a country by other countries or international organisations in response to a political coup, armed conflict, or human rights abuses. Humanitarian catastrophes in Burkina Faso, Sudan, and Myanmar have brought aid sanctions to the centre of the foreign affairs strategy debate because of their inadvertent negative effects on human health. Our analysis investigates the effects of aid sanctions from 1990 to 2019 on maternal and child mortality. These questions are particularly relevant in the context of the abrupt shift in US f…

Long-Term Outcomes of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) for Multiple Myeloma: While New Horizons Emerge, It Is Still Only a Silver Lining for Resource-Constrained Settings.

Background Significant hurdles impede the optimal implementation of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in low-middle income countries (LMICs). Herein, we highlight the challenges faced in LMICs while performing HSCT and report the long-term outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) who underwent autologous HSCT (AHSCT) at our center. Besides, we provide a comprehensive review of studies reporting long-term outcomes of AHSCT in MM from the Indian subcontinent. Methodology This study was conducted at the State Cancer Institute, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medica

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… Keywords utilized for our non-systematic literature search were ‘myeloma’, ‘multiple myeloma’, ‘autologous transplant’, ‘HSCT’, ‘stem cell transplant’, ‘India’, ‘Pakistan’, ‘Bangladesh’, ‘Sri Lanka’, ‘Myanmar’, ‘Nepal’, ‘Bhutan’, and ‘Afghanistan’. … Where there’s a will, there’s a way: establishing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Myanmar. Gyi AA, Mra R, Nyein HL, et al. Blood Adv. 2017;1:65–69. 73. Working together: establishment of the first national hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) center in Sri Lanka. …

The Out-of-Pocket Cost Burden of Cancer Care-A Systematic Literature Review.

BackgroundOut-of-pocket costs pose a substantial economic burden to cancer patients and their families. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the literature on out-of-pocket costs of cancer care.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies that estimated the out-of-pocket cost burden faced by cancer patients and their caregivers. The average monthly out-of-pocket costs per patient were reported/estimated and converted to 2018 USD. Costs were reported as medical and non-medical costs and were reported across countries or country income levels by cancer site, where

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… A few were conducted in South East Asia (Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar) ( n = 4, 4%), China ( n = 3, 3%), Japan ( n = 3, 3%) and in Latin America (Mexico) ( n = 1, 1%). … Figure 6 summarizes these estimates per study and country income-level and presents a weighted average for HICs (U.S., Canada, Australia) and LMICs (China, Malaysia, India, Haiti, Brunei, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar). …

HIV infection and AIDS in China.

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