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Insect cypoviruses: advances in structural characterization, evolutionary genomics, and host interaction dynamics.

Cypoviruses are insect-specific, double-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genus Cypovirus within the family Spinareoviridae. Cypoviruses primarily infect insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. These viruses replicate in midgut epithelial cells, forming polyhedrin-based occlusion bodies. Cypovirus genomes typically consist of 10-16 linear double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments that encodes distinct viral proteins; however, the number of genomic segments may vary among species. Each genomic segment encodes a functionally specialized distinct viral protein, with high intra…

Identification and structural studies of natural inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA methyltransferase (NSP16).

Pathogenic RNA viruses are emerging as one of the major threats and posing challenges to human community. RNA viruses have an exceptionally shorter generation time and easy to adapt in host cells. The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2, a long RNA virus, has shown us how difficult it is to overcome this kind of pandemic without understanding the viral infection and replication mechanisms. It is essential to comprehend replications of the viral genome, including RNA polymerization and the final capping process. The mRNAs of SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses are protected at their 5'-ends by cap structure. T…

Virucidal Approaches for Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses.

We have reviewed the primary literature on the virucidal efficacy of microbicidal active ingredients, formulated microbicides, and physical inactivation approaches (heat, irradiation) for hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) (arenaviruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, hantaviruses, nairoviruses, and phenuiviruses), and for two non-typical HFV paramyxoviruses. As each of these HFVs are large, lipid-enveloped RNA viruses, their susceptibilities to virucidal agents are informed by the so-called hierarchy of susceptibility of pathogens to microbicides. The unique susceptibility of lipid-enveloped viruse…

The role of coordination compounds in virus research. Different approaches and trends.

This article aims to provide an overview of the studies focused on using coordination compounds as antiviral agents against different types of viruses. We present various strategies so far used to this end. This article is divided into two sections. The first collects the series of designed antiviral drugs based on coordination compounds. This approach has been developed for many years, starting from the 70s with the discovery of cis-platin (cis-DDP). It has been mainly focused on studying the synergistic effect of a wide variety of new compounds obtained by combining metal ions with organic a

The future of antivirals: broad-spectrum inhibitors.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Potent antivirals are successfully used for the treatment of infections with herpesviruses, hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, and with some success for influenza viruses. However, no selective inhibitors are available for a multitude of medically important viruses, most of which are (re-)emerging RNA viruses. As it is impossible to develop drugs against each of these viruses, broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAA) are a prime strategy to cope with this challenge. RECENT FINDINGS: We propose four categories of antiviral molecules that hold promise as BSAA. Several nucleoside a…

Reassortment in infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and related birnaviruses.

The Birnaviridae family consists of non-enveloped viruses with a single capsid that have a double-stranded RNA genome divided into two segments. Because they infect birds, fish, rotifers, marine mollusks, and insects, these viruses are of major economic significance to the global poultry and aquaculture industries. In the last decade, reassortment events have led to the emergence and spread of new strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in poultry that could complicate control efforts. This review summarizes the literature regarding the molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of reas

Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Heterologous Genes.

Reverse genetics allows for the generation of recombinant infectious viruses from viral sequences or complete viral genomes cloned into plasmids. Using reverse genetics, it is then possible to introduce changes in the genome of infectious viruses for multiple applications.Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus that has been amenable to manipulation by reverse genetics for more than two decades. Since then, recombinant NDVs have been extensively used as viral vectors to express heterologous proteins. We describe the key steps required to design and introduce

Уровень предварительной обработки сыворотки мочевой кислоты не является суррогатным маркером для исхода лечения фавипиравира у пациентов COVID-19.

Для редактора Favipiravir (FVP) был разработан проект по борьбе с вирусом гриппа и лицензирован для лечения гриппа в Японии [1]. Помимо вирусов гриппа, ФВП демонстрирует широкую спектральную активность против многих вирусов РНК, включая Эболу, Лассу, бешенство и сильную лихорадку тромбоцитопенией [2]. ФВП продемонстрировали сопоставимую эффективность in vitro по отношению к SARS-COV-2 с ремендивром в модели клеточной культуры [3]. Дискуссия: Авторы хотели бы отметить вклад многочисленных врачей, медсестер и медицинских работников группы реагирования Университета Хасеттепе по COVID-19 за их сам

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: To the editor, Favipiravir (FVP) was developed against the influenza virus infection and licensed for the treatment of influenza in Japan [1]. In addition to influenza viruses, FVP demonstrates a broad-spectrum activity against many RNA viruses including Ebola, Lassa, rabies, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia [2]. FVP exhibited a comparable …

Inhibition of HSV-1 and vaccinia virus replication by cephalosporin derivatives.

Derivatives of beta-lactam antibiotics of the cephalosporin type at 0.02-1 mM concentrations interfered with in vitro replication of two DNA-containing viruses, herpes simplex I and vaccinia, but showed no effects on two RNA-viruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, or on cell viability. The exact structure of the active compounds remains unknown, but opening of the beta-lactam ring appears to be a prerequisite for their formation. Whereas cephalosporin derivatives were most active, no active products were obtained from penicillins and monobactams. The potenti

Protocol for recombinant rabies virus titration by quantitative PCR.

Preparing high-titer virus and performing accurate titer determination are critical to subsequent experiments. However, not all applied recombinant rabies viruses, such as the L-deleted virus,1 are equipped with fluorescent proteins for titration by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Here, we present a quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) approach for titrating recombinant rabies virus. We describe steps for preparing standards for RT-qPCR, rabies virus genome RNA extraction, and reverse transcription of virus RNA. We then detail procedures for RT-qPCR for titration and st

Isolation of Double-Stranded RNAs by Lithium Chloride Fractionation.

This procedure provides a comprehensive method for isolating double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that relies on the different solubility of various … e. This method was further improved to increase the purity of dsRNA using plant tissues infected by RNA viruses.

Enteric viral pathogens in children with inflammatory bowel disease.

The causes of exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are unknown. The presence of RNA of an enterovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus was sought in stool samples of 50 children (median age 12.9 years) undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopies for IBD or its exclusion (Crohn's disease n = 18, ulcerative colitis n = 13, indeterminate colitis n = 2, non-IBD n = 17). Viral RNA was found in three fecal samples (norovirus GII n = 2, sapovirus n = 1), all in children without IBD. Therefore, enteral viruses may play only a minor role in IBD.

Double-stranded RNA viral infection in Cuban Trichomonas vaginalis isolates.

Trichomonas vaginalis can be infected with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses designated T. vaginalis virus (TVV), which may have important implications for trichomonal virulence and disease pathogenesis. We tested for TVV in 40 fresh T. vaginalis isolates from Cuban patients by total extraction of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). TVV was detected in 22 (55%) of the 40 T. vaginalis isolates. This gives an estimate of the infection rate of Cuban T. vaginalis isolates by the dsRNA virus. Future research should focus on the association between trichomonosis symptoms and the presence of TVV.

Detection of viruses using discarded plants from wild mountain gorillas and golden monkeys.

Infectious diseases pose one of the most significant threats to the survival of great apes in the wild. The critically endangered mountain g … as recovered from plants discarded by golden monkeys, indicating that it is also possible to detect RNA viruses from bitten or chewed plants. Our findings show that discarded plants are a useful non-invasive sampling method for detection of viruses that are shed orally in mountain gorillas, sympatric golden monkeys, and potentially other species. This method …

Increased long chain acyl-Coa synthetase activity and fatty acid import is linked to membrane synthesis for development of picornavirus replication organelles.

All positive strand (+RNA) viruses of eukaryotes replicate their genomes in association with membranes. The mechanisms of membrane remodelin … ranous scaffold of replication complexes of picorna-like viruses, that may be relevant for other (+)RNA viruses as well.

[Study on the pathological and molecular characteristics of AHC epidemic in Zhejiang Province in 2010].

To identify and trace the pathogen of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) epidemic in Zhejiang Province in 2010. Viral nucleic acid of Enterovirus (EV) and Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) were directly detected by real-time RT-PCR from the conjunctival swab collected from suspected patients. The virus was isolated from the swab samples using Hep-2 cell. The viral RNAs were extracted from the isolated viruses and followed by RT-PCR to amplify VP1 gene and 3C protease region(3C). The amplified fragments were sequenced and phylogenetic trees were also constructed. Eight out of 13 swab sampl

A multiplexed TaqMan assay for the detection of arthropod-borne flaviviruses.

Arboviruses in the genus Flavivirus are major causes of human disease worldwide, and yet they are widely under reported. This is partially due to the classical methods of detection, using virologic or immunologic techniques, which typically lack sensitivity and specificity or require biological containment facilities in order to manipulate infectious cultures. Molecular detection assays based on broadly reactive (degenerate) primers also tend to have differential and lower sensitivity for many flaviviruses. In this study, an assay was designed to test for many flaviviruses using species-specif

Advanced Strategies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Future Emerging Virus Outbreaks.

The COVID-19 pandemic, unleashed by SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 and amplified by variants such as Omicron, exposed global vulnerabilities, with over 700 million cases and 7 million deaths, fueling persistent fears of future pandemics from zoonotic RNA viruses amid accelerating urbanization and climate-driven spillovers [...].

Exploring the interaction between endornavirus and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: mechanisms of phytopathogenic fungal virulence and antivirus.

Hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses have the potential as biocontrol agents for plant fungal disease management, and exploration of the interactions between these mycoviruses and phytopathogenic fungi can provide opportunities to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of hypovirulence and antiviruses. We previously found that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum endornavirus 3 (SsEV3), belonging to the genus Betaendornavirus within the family Endornaviridae, confers hypovirulence on the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, but the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. In this study, we found th

Broad antiviral activity in tissues of crustaceans.

Innate antiviral substances occur in vertebrates and may function as host defenses. Virus infections are common among invertebrates, but little is known about the ability of invertebrates to control viral infections. Pre-existing antiviral substances may be particularly important, since invertebrates lack the antiviral defense conferred by specific immunity. In our study, we found that tissue extracts of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) contained antiviral activities that inhibit a variety of DNA and RNA viruses, i.e. Sindbis virus…