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Deconstructing the microbiota-gut-brain axis in multiple sclerosis: from a barrier-immune-metabolic framework to emerging therapeutics.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system characterized by progressive neuroinflammation and demyelination. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota contributes to MS pathogenesis through bidirectional gut-brain interactions; however, the underlying mechanistic framework remains incompletely defined. METHODS: We performed a narrative synthesis of literature published from March 2010 to March 2026 using PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wanfang Data. Relevant studies were critically evaluated to inte…

Divergent Immunological and Neurotrophic Responses to CD20 Depletion in Relapsing and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with distinct subtypes, relapsing MS (RMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS), which differ in clinical course and underlying immunopathology. Cytokines are pleiotropic mediators of inflammatory and regenerative processes and are considered important contributors to the pathophysiology of MS. Ocrelizumab, a CD20-targeting monoclonal antibody, is approved for the treatment of patients with RMS and PPMS, yet its effects on circulating cytokines and neurotrophic factors remain incompletely underst…

Cognitive and clinical associations with lesion load and EEG microstate alterations in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system involving both inflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms leading to progressive neuronal loss. Growing evidence indicates that neurodegeneration plays a key role in long-term disability progression and contributes to cognitive decline, affecting up to 70% of individuals with MS. OBJECTIVE: To compare resting-state EEG microstates between patients with MS (PwMS) and healthy controls (HC), as well as across cognitive status subgroups within the PwMS cohort, taking into account les…

Immunoregulatory Effect of Curcumin on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

Demyelination and progressive neurodegeneration within the central nervous system (CNS) are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease. This review critically assesses the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin-a polyphenolic compound from the rhizome of Curcuma longa turmeric-in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a well-recognized animal model of MS. The significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of curcumin help slow the development of EAE. By suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and interfer…

Rethinking EDSS-based ambulation assessment in multiple sclerosis using continuous variable monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by relapses and progressive disability. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), used to quantify disability, is based on single, discretely assessed and potentially inaccurate patient-estimated walking ability, whereas digital health technologies (DHTs) enable continuous activity monitoring and more objective assessment of real-world functional performance. METHODS: In this prospective observational study conducted at two German centers, patients with relapsing-remittin…

Вызываемые упражнениями эксеркины в множестве склерозов: подчеркивая ключевую роль миокинов.

Множественный склероз (MS) является наиболее распространенным хроническим воспалительным и нейродегенеративным заболеванием центральной нервной системы у молодых людей. Несмотря на то, что существующая иммунодуляторная терапия снижает частоту рецидивов, она менее эффективна против прогрессивного нейродегенерации, связанного с болезнью. Эта неудовлетворенная клиническая потребность вызвала интерес к дополнительным нефармакологическим стратегиям, особенно к упражнениям, которые обеспечивают системные антивоспалительные и нейрозащитные льготы. Упражнения приводят к высвобождению разнообразных сиг

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system in young adults. While existing immunomodulatory therapies reduce relapse rates, they are less effective against the progressive neurodegeneration associated with the disease. This unmet clinical need has prompted interest in complement…

Efficacy and Safety of Mirabegron Add-on Therapy After Failure With Solifenacin in Multiple Sclerosis Patients With Overactive Bladder: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative progressive disease of central nervous system that mostly affects young adults. (1) Because of involvement of spinal cord and brain, lower urinary dysfunction symptoms are commonly encountered. MS patients mostly show overactive bladder symptoms like urgency, frequent daytime urination, and urgency incontinence. Among MS patients, antimuscarinic therapy is the first-line treatment with overactive bladder symptoms as well as in general population yet 30% of the patients show insufficient improvement or into…

DNA methylation changes in glial cells of the normal-appearing white matter in Multiple Sclerosis patients.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults, is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the poor accessibility to the target organ, CNS-confined processes underpinning the later progressive form of MS remain elusive thereby limiting treatment options. We aimed to examine DNA methylation, a stable epigenetic mark of genome activity, in glial cells to capture relevant molecular changes underlying MS neuropathology. We profiled DNA methylation in nuclei of non-neuronal cells, isolated …

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in anti-CD20 and other monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies used in multiple sclerosis: A review.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a subacute CNS inflammatory disease seen primarily among immunocompromised patients. It … dy (mAb) immunotherapy. In fact, PML has been witnessed with several mAbs, including natalizumab in multiple sclerosis, rituximab for lymphoma or lupus, efalizumab for psoriasis, and ofatumumab in leukemia; this leads us to the risk reassessment of PML due to treatment-induced immunosuppression. The range of clinical presentations of JCV-related disease has transfor …

In Vivo Molecular Changes in the Retina of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis.

PURPOSE: Raman spectroscopy allows molecular changes to be quantified in vivo from the tissues like the retina. Here we aimed to assess the metabolic changes in the retina of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: We built a Raman spectroscopy prototype by connecting a scanning laser ophthalmoscope to a spectrophotometer. We defined the spectra of 10 molecules participating on energy supply, axon biology, or synaptic damage, which have been shown to be altered in the brain of patients with MS: cytochrome C, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), …

Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants.

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. … h other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely …

Integrin-directed antibody-based immunotherapy: focus on VLA-4.

One major finding of chronic inflammatory diseases of various origins is the establishment of inflammatory infiltrates, bearing different le … clonal antibody (specific to the α4-integrin chain of VLA-4) has been successfully applied to treat multiple sclerosis as well as inflammatory bowel disease. Anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody has also been applied to block transendothelial passage in other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. On this same vein is the action of such a reagent in impairing …

Expression analysis of long non-coding RNAs and their target genes in multiple sclerosis patients.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive chronic autoimmune-mediated disease. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are characterized to participate in the adjustment of immune responses. Here, we evaluated the expression levels of GSTT1-AS1 and IFNG-AS1 lncRNAs and their targets (TNF and IFNG, respectively) in Iranian MS patients.In this case-control study, 50 relapsing-remitting MS patients and 50 healthy subjects were recruited. Expressions of GSTT1-AS1 and IFNG-AS1 lncRNAs, as well as TNF and IFNG genes, were assessed in their peripheral blood samples by SYBR Green-based Real-time quant…

Encephalopathy and hypotonia due to baclofen toxicity in a patient with end-stage renal disease.

BACKGROUND: Baclofen is a centrally acting gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist used for the symptomatic relief of skeletal muscle spasm and spasticity in traumatic spinal cord lesions, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and stroke. It is also used in the treatment of chronic hiccups and cocaine abuse. Baclofen-induced central nervous system depression is rare at the usual therapeutic doses. However, patients with impaired renal function are at a higher risk of developing baclofen toxicity, even at a lower dose. CASE REPORT: A 57-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis was adm…

Nutrition facts in multiple sclerosis.

The question whether dietary habits and lifestyle have influence on the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still a matter of debate, and at present, MS therapy is not associated with any information on diet and lifestyle. Here we show that dietary factors and lifestyle may exacerbate or ameliorate MS symptoms by modulating the inflammatory status of the disease both in relapsing-remitting MS and in primary-progressive MS. This is achieved by controlling both the metabolic and inflammatory pathways in the human cell and the composition of commensal gut microbiota. What increases inflammation …

MRI in multiple sclerosis: progress in in-vivo pathobiology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have substantially expanded the ability to investigate multiple sclerosis (MS) pathobiology in-vivo. Beyond its diagnostic role, MRI now captures blood-brain barrier dysfunction, demyelination, neuroaxonal loss, glial activation, and network disruption across disease stages. This review is timely as accumulating evidence challenges a purely inflammation-driven ("outside-in") model of MS and supports interacting central nervous system-intrinsic ("inside-out") mechanisms that contribute to progression and disability. RECENT …

Значительная отмена множественных склерозов в модели мыши EAE с использованием PC-210 Aminothiol.

Множественный склероз (MS) — сложное заболевание, характеризующееся хронической нейроинфламмацией и реактивной токсичностью кислорода (ROS) в центральной нервной системе (CNS). Основываясь на этом механизме ROS, мы проверили, сможет ли PC-210-а новый аминотиол ROS-поглотить симптомы MS в мышах с экспериментальным аутоиммунным энцефаломиелитом (EAE) MS. Наши цели заключались в том, чтобы оценить роль РСО в РС и потенциальные выгоды от РЦ-210 для управления НР. Мыши с EAE получили различные дозы PrC-210 по профилактическим и терапевтическим протоколам. Динамика заболевания измерялась с помощью к

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease marked by chronic neuroinflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) toxicity in the central nervous system (CNS). Based on this ROS-driven mechanism, we tested whether PrC-210-a new aminothiol ROS scavenger-could lessen MS symptoms in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-induced MS. Our goal…

Ассоциации адаптивной иммунной системы и связанной с возрастом базовой дегенерации.

В последние годы адаптивная иммунная система получила значительное внимание в связи с ее потенциальной ролью в возрастной дегенерации (AMD). Ортологовые подходы, включая модели клеток и животных, а также экспериментальные клинические испытания, проложили путь к пониманию частотности, изменений и взаимодействия популяций Т клеток в сетчатке. Интересно, что понятия участия адаптивной иммунной системы в АМД также получили поддержку благодаря недавним исследованиям различных нейродегенеративных и хронических низкосортных заболеваний, включая множественный склероз, болезнь Паркинсона или артериоскл

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
In recent years, the adaptive immune system has gained a significant amount of attention due to its potential role in age-related macular de … port through recent findings in various neurodegenerative and chronic low-grade diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or arteriosclerosis. In this group of pathologies, cells of the adaptive immune system bypass immune barriers and fuel inflammatory processes at immune-privileged sites. These findings have pointed at immunosenescence as a crit …

Изучение клинической полезности нееврофильтрованных световых цепочек для управления множественным склерозом.

Множественный склероз (MS) — хроническое нервно-воспалительное и нейродегенеративное заболевание, которое воздействует почти на здоровье человека. 1 million взрослых в Соединенных Штатах. В связи с непредсказуемостью курса лечения заболеваний, разнообразием фенотипов и целым рядом имеющихся в настоящее время методов лечения, позволяющих видоизменить заболевания, требуется индивидуализированный подход к управлению MS. Существует неудовлетворенная потребность в выявлении, подтверждении и включении прогнозных, мониторинговых и прогнозных биомаркеров в обычную клиническую практику для MS. Усиливаю

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that affects nearly 1 million adults in the United States. Owing to its unpredictable disease course, diverse phenotypes, and an array of currently available disease-modifying therapies, a personalized approach to MS management is required. There is an unmet need to identify…

A Systematic Literature Review on Inflammatory Markers in the Saliva of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Cause or a Consequence of Periodontal Diseases.

Background and Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease often linked with systemic conditions such as periodontal diseases (PDs). This systematic review aims to explore the association between inflammatory markers in saliva and PDs in MS patients, assessing the use of saliva as a non-invasive tool to monitor disease progression. Materials and Methods: 82 publications were examined after a thorough search of scholarly databases to determine whether inflammatory markers were present in MS patients and whether they were associated with periodontal disease (PD). Q…