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Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Capsaicin and Its Analogues in Pain and Other Diseases.

Capsaicin is the most predominant and naturally occurring alkamide found in Capsicum fruits. Since its discovery in the 19th century, the therapeutic roles of capsaicin have been well characterized. The potential applications of capsaicin range from food flavorings to therapeutics. Indeed, capsaicin and few of its analogues have featured in clinical research covered by more than a thousand patents. Previous records suggest pleiotropic pharmacological activities of capsaicin such as an analgesic, anti-obesity, anti-pruritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and neur

An Overview of Advances in Rare Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

Cancer stands as the leading global cause of mortality, with rare cancer comprising 230 distinct subtypes characterized by infrequent incidence. Despite the inherent challenges in addressing the diagnosis and treatment of rare cancers due to their low occurrence rates, several biomedical breakthroughs have led to significant advancement in both areas. This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art diagnostic techniques that encompass new-generation sequencing and multi-omics, coupled with the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, that have revolutioniz

Next-Generation HDAC Inhibitors: Advancing Zinc-Binding Group Design for Enhanced Cancer Therapy.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are pivotal epigenetic regulators that control gene expression, cell proliferation, and differentiation, and their dysregulation is closely associated with the onset and progression of multiple cancers. The therapeutic importance of these enzymes is reflected by FDA approval of HDAC inhibitors for oncology indications. Despite this clinical success, most FDA-approved agents employ conventional zinc-binding groups (ZBGs) such as hydroxamic acid and 2-aminoanilide, which are frequently linked to metabolic instability, genotoxicity, and poor pharmacokinetic behavior.

Characteristics and advances in signaling pathways, cellular communication, cell junctions, and oxidative stress in lymphedema.

Lymphedema is a chronic inflammatory disease without an effective treatment method, and it results in a high disease burden and psychological distress in patients. Although there have been significant advances in targeted therapies, there are still no effective options to treat this refractory disease. In recent years, new advances and breakthroughs have been made in signaling pathways, including RAS/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, VEGF-C/VEGFR-3, HGF/MET, and TGF-β1, which are important for understanding the pathogenesis and disease progression of lymphedema. Mutations in genes encoding cell junctions affect

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… Moreover, the site of edema in patients with secondary lymphedema can be accompanied by neutrophilic skin lesions such as Sweet syndrome, which is also associated with the aggregation and infiltration of neutrophils ( Guyot-Caquelin et al., 2010 ). …

Chronic stress: a fourth etiology in tumorigenesis?

Chronic stress, driven by persistent psychological, environmental, or physiological factors, is a prolonged heightened state of stress response that disrupts homeostasis. When unmanaged, it will lead to sustained negative emotions such as depression, loneliness, anxiety, and emotional adversity. This persistent emotional distress not only exacerbates mental health disorders but also poses significant risks to physical health. Increasing evidence suggests a strong link between chronic stress, stress-related hormones, and the rising incidence of malignancies. As a result, chronic stress might be

Medicinal Mushrooms: Bioactive Compounds, Use, and Clinical Trials.

Medicinal mushrooms have important health benefits and exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antiallergic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral, cytotoxic, immunomodulating, antidepressive, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, digestive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, osteoprotective, and hypotensive activities. The growing interest in mycotherapy requires a strong commitment from the scientific community to expand clinical trials and to propose supplements of safe origin and genetic purity. Bioactive compounds of

Терапевтические и диагностические проблемы передневременного слабоумия.

В поисках терапевтических модификаторов фронтовременное слабоумие (ФТР) традиционно омрачалось другими заболеваниями, такими, как болезнь Альцгеймера (AD). Будучи клиническим и патологическим по своему характеру заболеванием, ПТО было вызвано рядом недавних открытий, таких, как новые генетические варианты семейных и спорадических форм заболеваний и выявление белка, связывающего ДНК с ДНК. 43 kDa (kDa)TDP-43) в качестве определяющего компонента включения более чем в половине случаев. В сочетании с постоянно расширяющимися знаниями о функции и дисфункции белка тау-а, который патологически агреги

WT1 gene: a potential therapeutic target for multiple cancer treatment strategies.

The Wilms' Tumor 1 (WT1) gene has attracted significant attention in oncological research owing to its involvement in the pathogenesis of a variety of malignancies. Initially identified in association with Wilms' tumor, a pediatric renal carcinoma, WT1 is now recognized for its broader implications in the etiology of multiple cancers, including leukemia, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the historical development of WT1 research, explores its mechanisms in cancer progression, and assesses its potential as a therapeutic target, with an emphasis on

Recent Perspectives on Cardiovascular Toxicity Associated with Colorectal Cancer Drug Therapy.

Cardiotoxicity is a well-known adverse effect of cancer-related therapy that has a significant influence on patient outcomes and quality of life. The use of antineoplastic drugs to treat colorectal cancers (CRCs) is associated with a number of undesirable side effects including cardiac complications. For both sexes, CRC ranks second and accounts for four out of every ten cancer deaths. According to the reports, almost 39% of patients with colorectal cancer who underwent first-line chemotherapy suffered cardiovascular impairment. Although 5-fluorouracil is still the backbone of chemotherapy reg

SGLT2 Inhibitors: From Structure-Effect Relationship to Pharmacological Response.

SGLT2 inhibitors have become increasingly used due to their effectiveness in improving not only type 2 diabetes but also cardiovascular, renal and hepatic diseases, as well as the obesity found in metabolic syndrome. Starting from the structure of gliflozins, modifications of the carbohydrate part, aglycone, and also the glycosidic bond between them can determine variations in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. SGLT2 inhibitors, in addition to reducing blood glucose levels, improve alterations in lipid metabolism by diverting excessively accumulated lipids in tissues towards mobil

A review of spontaneous bone metastases in domestic and laboratory animals.

Bone metastases cause significant morbidity and ultimately death in some human cancer patients. Although experimental animal models of skeletal metastases have been invaluable for investigating the molecular mechanisms of cancer progression and growth in bones, few of these models recapitulate the heterogeneous nature of bone metastases observed in humans. Animals with naturally occurring cancers have been proposed as ideal and unique models for human cancer research. From this, understanding the incidence, histologic features, clinical presentation, and response to therapy of spontaneous bone

Beneath the surface in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: pathogenetic networks, therapeutic advancements and open questions.

In recent years, the pathophysiologic framework of autoimmune hemolytic anemias (AIHAs) has evolved considerably, extending beyond the simplistic paradigm of antibody-mediated red blood cell (RBC) destruction, which is now recognized as a downstream consequence of a broader immune dysregulation. AIHA is fundamentally orchestrated by a complex interplay between innate and adaptive immune components, including autoreactive B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and the reticuloendothelial system. Central to disease pathogenesis are two interrelated mechanisms: clonal B-cell expansion with autoantibod

XPO1: From basic research to clinical treatment (Review).

Exportin 1 (XPO1) is a key nuclear export receptor that mediates the nuclear export of tumor suppressor proteins and growth‑regulatory mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In several types of cancer, XPO1 is overexpressed or hyperactivated, leading to aberrant cytoplasmic sequestration of key tumor suppressors such as p53, p21, p73, FOXO and Rb. This mislocalization abrogates their nuclear transcriptional functions, disrupting cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair, thereby promoting uncontrolled proliferation, survival and therapy resistance. Targeting XPO1 with selective inhibitors

Clinically proven natural products against breast cancer, with mechanistic insights.

BackgroundBreast cancer still stands to be the foremost contributor to cancer-related incidence and mortality in women globally accounting for about 14% of all female cancer-related deaths worldwide. This research seeks to illustrate the mechanisms and clinical findings of natural products against breast cancer treatment.MethodologyRequired data for this review article was retrieved employing several readily obtainable search databases, including Web of Science® (Thomson Reuters, USA), PubMed® (U.S. National Library of Medicine, USA), and SciVerse Scopus® (Elsevier Properties S.A., USA), takin

Ferroptosis in Haematological Malignancies and Associated Therapeutic Nanotechnologies.

Haematological malignancies are heterogeneous groups of cancers of the bone marrow, blood or lymph nodes, and while therapeutic advances have greatly improved the lifespan and quality of life of those afflicted, many of these cancers remain incurable. The iron-dependent, lipid oxidation-mediated form of cell death, ferroptosis, has emerged as a promising pathway to induce cancer cell death, particularly in those malignancies that are resistant to traditional apoptosis-inducing therapies. Although promising findings have been published in several solid and haematological malignancies, the major

Infectious Diseases

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Drug Repurposing at the Interface of Melanoma Immunotherapy and Autoimmune Disease.

Cancer cells have a remarkable ability to evade recognition and destruction by the immune system. At the same time, cancer has been associated with chronic inflammation, while certain autoimmune diseases predispose to the development of neoplasia. Although cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized antitumor treatment, immune-related toxicities and adverse events detract from the clinical utility of even the most advanced drugs, especially in patients with both, metastatic cancer and pre-existing autoimmune diseases. Here, the combination of multi-omics, data-driven computational approaches with

Abstracts from 2020 national congress of the Italian Society of Hypertension (SIIA).

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The Impact of Human Microbiotas in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Organ Transplantation.

The human microbiota heavily influences most vital aspects of human physiology including organ transplantation outcomes and transplant rejection risk. A variety of organ transplantation scenarios such as lung and heart transplantation as well as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is heavily influenced by the human microbiotas. The human microbiota refers to a rich, diverse, and complex ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, archaea, helminths, protozoans, parasites, and viruses. Research accumulating over the past decade has established the existence of complex cross-species, cross-kingdom interac

Atherosclerosis and the Bidirectional Relationship Between Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside, Part 2 Management.

The first part of this review highlighted the evolving landscape of atherosclerosis, noting emerging cardiometabolic risk factors, the growing impact of exposomes, and social determinants of health. The prominent role of atherosclerosis in the bidirectional relationship between cardiovascular disease and cancer was also discussed. In this second part, we examine the complex interplay between multimorbid cardio-oncologic patients, cardiometabolic risk factors, and the harmful environments that lend a "syndemic" nature to these chronic diseases. We summarize management strategies targeting disor