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Comparison between echo contrast agent-specific imaging modes and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of brain perfusion.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Contrast burst imaging (CBI) and time variance imaging (TVI) are new ultrasonic imaging modes enabling the visualization of intravenously injected echo contrast agents in brain parenchyma. The aim of this study was to compare the quantitative ultrasonic data with corresponding perfusion-weighted MRI data (p-MRI) with respect to the assessment of brain perfusion. METHODS: Twelve individuals with no vascular abnormalities were examined by CBI and TVI after an intravenous bolus injection of 4 g galactose-based microbubble suspension (Levovist) in a concentration of 400 mg

New Directions in the Study and Treatment of Metastatic Cancer.

Traditional cancer therapy has relied on a strictly cytotoxic approach that views non-metastatic and metastatic tumor cells as identical in terms of molecular biology and sensitivity to therapeutic intervention. Mounting evidence suggests that, in fact, non-metastatic and metastatic tumor cells differ in key characteristics that could explain the capacity of the metastatic cells to not only escape the primary organ but also to survive while in the circulation and to colonize a distant organ. Here, we lay out a framework for a new multi-pronged therapeutic approach. This approach involves modif

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… The microbubble allows free gas diffusion across its shell, allowing one to regulate the amount of oxygen delivered to tissue depending on how much dissolved gas is found in the local microenvironment. Microbubbles, therefore, acquire oxygen in the lungs and release it in hypoxic tissues. … Injectable oxygen delivery based on protein-shelled microbubbles. Nano Life (2010) 1:215–8. 10.1142/S1793984410000195 75. Swanson EJ, Mohan V, Kheir J, Borden MA. Phospholipid-stabilized microbubble foam for injectable oxygen delivery. Langmuir (2010) 26:15726–9. 10.1021/la1029432 76. …

Aortopulmonary fistula occurring 4 years after replacement of the ascending aorta.

A 62-year-old man presenting with congestive heart failure due to a fistula between an aortic pseudoaneurysm and the right pulmonary artery is described. The shunt occurred 4 years after aortic valve and supracoronary graft replacement and was diagnosed by transesophageal contrast echocardiography. After redo surgery the patient made an uneventful recovery.

Controlled Drug Delivery Systems for Oral Cancer Treatment-Current Status and Future Perspectives.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which encompasses the oral cavity-derived malignancies, is a devastating disease causing substantial morbidity and mortality in both men and women. It is the most common subtype of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which is ranked the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Despite promising advancements in the conventional therapeutic approaches currently available for patients with oral cancer, many drawbacks are still to be addressed; surgical resection leads to permanent disfigurement, altered sense of self and debilitating physiologica

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… EGFR inhibition can occur through RNA interference by using microbubbles as nucleic acid delivery vectors. Microbubbles delivered to the site get ruptured by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) resulting in drug release from the microbubbles’ shell to the insonified area [ 162 ]. … into the tumor site, with intravenous injection of BLM 5 min after microbubble injection | Increased BLM uptake after sonoporation with anti-EGFR-microbubbles The greater anti-tumor effect in anti-EGFR-microbubbles compared to microbubbles alone Improved BLM cytotoxicity in Ca9-22 cells in vitro and …

Assessment of distal ureteral and ureterovesical junction visualization on contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography.

BACKGROUND: Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (CEVUS) uses intravesically administered microbubble contrast to detect vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and urethral anomalies with ultrasound. Multiple studies have suggested CEVUS can replace voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) as a radiation-free alternative. Analysis of the ureterovesical junction and ureters on VCUG documenting the ureterovesical junction position, ureteral duplication, periureteral diverticula and ureteroceles is important as anatomical variations may affect management and surgical approach. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to asses

Trophoblastic microcirculation occlusion as an adjunct to electric vacuum aspiration for the treatment of endogenous cesarean scar pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a simple adjunct treatment option, trophoblastic microcirculation occlusion (TMO), which could change subsequent high … identified by contrast-enhanced ultrasound with the cubital vein injected with sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles (Bracco, Switzerland). A 21-gauge needle (200 mm long) was punctured vaginally into the uterine myometrium surrounding the syncytiotrophoblast at 3 different points, and a total of 8 mL sclerosant was injected directly to seal the trophoblastic micr …

Case Report: Differentiating hepatic desmoplastic small round cell tumor from hydatidosis in a school-aged boy: the role of contrast-enhanced and interventional ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and highly aggressive malignant neoplasm, typically associated with poor prognosis. It predominantly affects adolescents and young males, with a lower incidence in pediatric populations. Due to its rarity, our understanding of DSRCT remains limited, with only a small number of case reports available. The clinical presentation is often non-specific and varies depending on the extent of tumor invasion. Diagnosis relies primarily on histopathological evaluation through biopsy. Although imaging studies contribute to the diagnostic p

Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack and non-disabling stroke at older ages: a population-based study, systematic review, and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been shown to be superior to medical treatment alone for prevention of re … the Oxford Vascular Study (OXVASC), we established the prevalence of any RLS, and of large RLS (>20 microbubbles), in consecutive patients attending a rapid-access transient ischaemic attack and stroke clinic, or at 1-month follow-up after stroke unit admission, with transient ischaemic attack or non-disabling ischaemic stroke, comparing cryptogenic events wit …

Multimodal imaging diagnosis of multiple myeloma with renal involvement: a case report.

BackgroundExtramedullary renal involvement secondary to multiple myeloma (MM) is extremely rare and prone to preoperative misdiagnosis. Its clinical and imaging manifestations have not been systematically summarized, leading to frequent preoperative misdiagnosis. To summarize the multimodal imaging characteristics and clinical diagnostic value of MM with renal involvement through a typical case report, so as to improve the understanding and early recognition rate of this disease.Case presentationA 67-year-old male patient with left lumbodorsal pain was examined by multimodal imaging. Ultrasoun

Exploration of Site-Specific Drug Targeting-A Review on EPR-, Stimuli-, Chemical-, and Receptor-Based Approaches as Potential Drug Targeting Methods in Cancer Treatment.

Cancer has been one of the most dominant causes of mortality globally over the last few decades. In cancer treatment, the selective targeting of tumor cells is indispensable, making it a better replacement for conventional chemotherapies by diminishing their adverse side effects. While designing a drug to be delivered selectively in the target organ, the drug development scientists should focus on various factors such as the type of cancer they are dealing with according to which drug, targeting moieties, and pharmaceutical carriers should be targeted. All published articles have been collecte

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… Therefore, several ultrasound contrast agents and microbubbles are utilized at frequencies required for diagnosis to lower the cavitation initiation point. … The use of microbubbles is constrained due to their short lifecycle, large size (1-10 um), and absence of extravasation that can be overcome by perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion application of therapeutic frequencies that get transformed into microbubbles. …

The investigation of oncolytic viruses in the field of cancer therapy.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a potential strategy for tumor treatment due to their ability to selectively replicate in tumor cells, induce apoptosis, and stimulate immune responses. However, the therapeutic efficacy of single OVs is limited by the complexity and immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). To overcome these challenges, engineering OVs has become an important research direction. This review focuses on engineering methods and multi-modal combination therapies for OVs aimed at addressing delivery barriers, viral phagocytosis, and antiviral immunity in

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Biopsy of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Patients with Breast Cancer: Implications for Axillary Metastases and Conservation.

BACKGROUND: In breast cancer patients, sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) can be identified in the breast clinic using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). This study aimed to characterize and compare the extent of axillary metastases in patients with either a benign or malignant SLN core biopsy at the end of surgical treatment. METHODS: Between 2009 and 2014, prospective data were collected on consecutive patients who underwent targeted core biopsy of SLN identified using CEUS in the breast clinic. Patients with abnormal lymph nodes (LN) detected on grey-scale ultrasound were not included. Patients

Micro and nanotechnologies: The little formulations that could.

The first publication of micro- and nanotechnology in medicine was in 1798 with the use of the Cowpox virus by Edward Jenner as an attenuated vaccine against Smallpox. Since then, there has been an explosion of micro- and nanotechnologies for medical applications. The breadth of these micro- and nanotechnologies is discussed in this piece, presenting the date of their first report and their latest progression (e.g., clinical trials, FDA approval). This includes successes such as the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines from Pfizer, Moderna, and Janssen (

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… alternatively charged polymers, materials, or cargo 55 | 1966 56 | Preclinical studies | | | Drug & gene delivery, 57 vaccines & immunotherapy, 58 imaging 59 Albumin NP Albumin with drug adsorbed in hydrophobic regions of the protein 60 | 1967 61 | FDA approved | 2005 62 | Abraxane | Pancreatic cancer Microbubbles … Current status and prospects for microbubbles in ultrasound theranostics. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2013;5(4):329‐345. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1219 64. Karamanou M, Papaioannou TG, Stefanadis C, Androutsos G. Genesis of ultrasonic microbubbles: a quick historical overview. …

Nanobodies for Medical Imaging: About Ready for Prime Time?

Recent advances in medical treatments have been revolutionary in shaping the management and treatment landscape of patients, notably cancer patients. Over the last decade, patients with diverse forms of locally advanced or metastatic cancer, such as melanoma, lung cancers, and many blood-borne malignancies, have seen their life expectancies increasing significantly. Notwithstanding these encouraging results, the present-day struggle with these treatments concerns patients who remain largely unresponsive, as well as those who experience severely toxic side effects. Gaining deeper insight into t

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… These nanobodies were cross-reactive towards both murine and human VCAM-1, and the purpose of the microbubbles was to be used as a contrast agent for ultrasound imaging. … Unlike the previously mentioned full-size antibodies, these microbubble-conjugated anti-VCAM-1 nanobodies are translatable into the clinic and could improve risk stratification for atherosclerosis. …

Иммунитет в нейромодуляции: исследование нейронных и иммунных путей в расстройствах мозга.

Иммунитет четко регулирует функцию мозга. Она непосредственно участвует в патологических процессах таких нейродегенеративных заболеваний, как болезнь Паркинсона и Альцгеймера, посттравматические заболевания, множественный склероз, травма головного мозга и психические расстройства (большое расстройство организма, серьезное депрессивное расстройство (МДС), расстройства тревожности, расстройства психоза и шизофрения, а также расстройства нервного развития (НРД). Нейромодулирование в настоящее время является одной из ведущих терапевтических стратегий лечения этих расстройств, однако пока мало что

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… combined with Microbubble for Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption). … Pulsed focused ultrasound (pFUS) combined with microbubbles (MB) is known to induce a sterile inflammatory response (SIR) in rats. The long-term effects of SIR on the brain were studied by MRI in female Sprague Dawley rats stimulated in the left cortex and four regions of the right hippocampus. …

"Smart" drug delivery: A window to future of translational medicine.

Chemotherapy is the mainstay of cancer treatment today. Chemotherapeutic drugs are non-selective and can harm both cancer and healthy cells, causing a variety of adverse effects such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, short half-life, poor solubility, multidrug resistance, and acquiring cancer stem-like characteristics. There is a paradigm shift in drug delivery systems (DDS) with the advent of smarter ways of targeted cancer treatment. Smart Drug Delivery Systems (SDDSs) are stimuli responsive and can be modified in chemical structure in response to light, pH, redox, magnetic fields, and e

Liposomes for the Treatment of Brain Cancer-A Review.

Due to their biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and surface-conjugation capabilities, liposomes are effective nanocarriers that can encapsulate chemotherapeutic drugs and facilitate targeted delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, strategies have been explored to synthesize liposomes that respond to internal and/or external stimuli to release their payload controllably. Although research into liposomes for brain cancer treatment is still in its infancy, these systems have great potential to fundamentally change the drug delivery landscape. This review paper attempts to consol

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… Focused ultrasound, in conjunction with microbubbles is a non-invasive technique that induces a temporary disruption of the BBB. Lipid-encased microbubbles filled with gas are introduced into the circulatory system. … However, utilizing microbubbles has certain risks, and identifying optimal parameters is still under investigation. Intra-arterial (IA) administration is a method of delivering medications directly to the tumor via circulation. …

Early detection of sporadic pancreatic cancer: summative review.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is estimated to become the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States by 2020. Early detection is the key to improving survival in PC. Addressing this urgent need, the Kenner Family Research Fund conducted the inaugural Early Detection of Sporadic Pancreatic Cancer Summit Conference in 2014 in conjunction with the 45th Anniversary Meeting of the American Pancreatic Association and Japan Pancreas Society. This seminal convening of international representatives from science, practice, and clinical research was designed to facilitate challenging interdiscipli

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… By taking advantage of the physics of ultrasound, researchers have developed microspheres filled with gas (microbubbles) that can be sensitively detected. … Because of their size, microbubbles are restricted to the vascular compartment. 110 The VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) protein is critical for angiogenesis physiology and in many cancers including PC. …

Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Administration of various exogenous surfactant preparations has been shown to decrease lung injury and pneumothorax and improve survival in very preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). There is no consensus on the threshold for surfactant administration, to allow timely intervention and avoid over-treatment, also considering the invasiveness of the procedure and its cost. Rapid tests for lung maturity, which include the click test, lamellar body counts and stable microbubble test, might guide the identification of those infants needing surfactant administration.

Nanobodies Enhancing Cancer Visualization, Diagnosis and Therapeutics.

Worldwide, cancer is a serious health concern due to the increasing rates of incidence and mortality. Conventional cancer imaging, diagnosis and treatment practices continue to substantially contribute to the fight against cancer. However, these practices do have some risks, adverse effects and limitations, which can affect patient outcomes. Although antibodies have been developed, successfully used and proven beneficial in various oncology practices, the use of antibodies also comes with certain challenges and limitations (large in size, poor tumor penetration, high immunogenicity and a long

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… Microbubbles (µBs) are small gas-filled particles able to scatter ultrasound and are used as contrast agents [ 33 ]. Nbs can be coupled with µBs to form targeted µBs, which may improve specificity and contrast [ 33 ]. … Nanobody-coupled microbubbles as novel molecular tracer J. Control. Release 2012 158 346 353 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.007 22197777 PMC3294017 34. Kong D.H. Kim Y.K. Kim M.R. Jang J.H. Lee S. Emerging Roles of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in Immunological Disorders and Cancer Int. J. …