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Chronic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activation of epididymally derived white adipocyte cultures reveals a population of thermogenically competent, UCP1-containing adipocytes molecularly distinct from classic brown adipocytes.

The recent insight that brown adipocytes and muscle cells share a common origin and in this respect are distinct from white adipocytes has spurred questions concerning the origin and molecular characteristics of the UCP1-expressing cells observed in classic white adipose tissue depots under certain physiological or pharmacological conditions. Examining precursors from the purest white adipose tissue depot (epididymal), we report here that chronic treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist rosiglitazone promotes not only the expression of PGC-1alpha and mitochon

Excessive fat expenditure in MCT-induced heart failure rats is associated with BMAL1/REV-ERBα circadian rhythmic loop disruption.

Fat loss predicts adverse outcomes in advanced heart failure (HF). Disrupted circadian clocks are a primary cause of lipid metabolic issues, … ormed to detect markers of lipolysis, lipogenesis, and beiging of white adipose tissue (WAT), while thermogenesis indicators were detected in brown adipose tissue (BAT). The LD group rats exhibited decreased levels of BMAL1 protein, increased levels of REV-ERBα protein, and disrupted circadian circuits in adipose tissue compared to controls. Additionally, HF ra …

Leptin signaling, adiposity, and energy balance.

A chronic minor imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure may lead to obesity. Both lean and obese subjects eventually reach en … e secreted by fat cells, acts in rodents via hypothalamic receptors to inhibit feeding and increase thermogenesis. A feedback regulatory loop with three distinct steps has been identified: (1) a sensor (leptin production by adipose cells) monitors the size of the adipose tissue mass; (2) hypothalamic centers receive and integrate the intensity of the leptin sig …

Sex- and Gender-Related Differences in Obesity: From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Clinical Implications.

Obesity, primarily characterized by excessive fat accumulation, is a multifactorial chronic disease with an increasing global prevalence. Despite the well-documented epidemiology and significant advances in understanding its pathophysiology and clinical implications, the impact of sex is typically overlooked in obesity research. Worldwide, women have a higher likelihood to become obese compared to men. Although women are offered weight loss interventions more often and at earlier stages than men, they are more vulnerable to psychopathology. Men, on the other hand, are less likely to pursue wei

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… Leptin levels are in direct proportion to total fat content, and high levels inhibit food intake and increase lipolysis, thermogenesis, and energy expenditure [ 27 ]. … Estradiol Regulates Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis via Hypothalamic AMPK. …

Association of plasma ADMA, FABP4 levels, and AIP with increased cardiovascular disease risk in Graves' disease: an exploratory pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism and is often associated with diffuse goiter, Graves' ophthalmopathy, antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, TSH receptor antibodies, and high serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. Hyperthyroidism causes changes in the cardiovascular system that can be explained by the direct effects of thyroid hormones on vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. On the one hand, heart rate, myocardial contractility, preload, blood volume, and tissue thermogenesis increase, while on the other hand, afterl…

Metformin and Its Benefits for Various Diseases.

Metformin is a widely used biguanide drug due to its safety and low cost. It has been used for over 60 years to treat type 2 diabetes at the early stages because of its outstanding ability to decrease plasma glucose levels. Over time, different uses of metformin were discovered, and the benefits of metformin for various diseases and even aging were verified. These diseases include cancers (e.g., breast cancer, endometrial cancer, bone cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma), obesity, liver diseases, cardiovascular disease, and renal diseases. Metformin exerts different effects through differe

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… Through the action of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1), BAT is able to dissipate chemically bound energy as heat, a process known as thermogenesis. … It was shown that metformin exerts its anti-obesity effects through increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, decreasing fatty acid uptake, and stimulating thermogenesis ( 89 ). …

Capsaicin: Current Understanding of Its Mechanisms and Therapy of Pain and Other Pre-Clinical and Clinical Uses.

In this review, we discuss the importance of capsaicin to the current understanding of neuronal modulation of pain and explore the mechanisms of capsaicin-induced pain. We will focus on the analgesic effects of capsaicin and its clinical applicability in treating pain. Furthermore, we will draw attention to the rationale for other clinical therapeutic uses and implications of capsaicin in diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, cancer, airway diseases, itch, gastric, and urological disorders.

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… Increased thermogenesis and EE via capsaicin-induced TRPV1 activation is resultant of catecholamine release and subsequent SNS activation of β-adrenoceptors [ 143 , 144 ]. … This mechanism is corroborated by studies showing that the administration of β-adrenergic blockers such as propranolol attenuates thermogenesis [ 144 ]. …

Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Capsaicin and Its Analogues in Pain and Other Diseases.

Capsaicin is the most predominant and naturally occurring alkamide found in Capsicum fruits. Since its discovery in the 19th century, the therapeutic roles of capsaicin have been well characterized. The potential applications of capsaicin range from food flavorings to therapeutics. Indeed, capsaicin and few of its analogues have featured in clinical research covered by more than a thousand patents. Previous records suggest pleiotropic pharmacological activities of capsaicin such as an analgesic, anti-obesity, anti-pruritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and neur

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… Another group showed the impact of intraperitoneal capsaicin (10 mg/kg) plus a high-fat diet altering the levels of lipid-metabolism related proteins and thermogenesis in white adipose tissue [ 168 ]. … Interestingly, there are several studies suggesting the significance of capsaicin and capsinoids in activating brown fat thermogenesis (BAT) and decreasing body fat in humans (refer for details in [ 170 ]). …

Полиморфизм меланкортина - генезиалы с воспалением и болезнями.

Рецепторы Меланокортина (МКР) выполняют различные функции: от пигментации кожи, регулирования аппетита, реакции на стресс и когниции, синтеза стероидов и энергетического баланса до регенерации клеток и иммуномодуляции. Генетический полиморфизм с распределением тканей от мозга, лимбической системы и адренальной коры до нейтрофилов, моноцитов и макрофазов проявляется в MCR. Мутации в генах MC1R, MC2R, MC3R и MC4R связаны с риском меланомы, семейной глюкокортикоидной недостаточности, ожирения и типа 2 Диафиозный сахар, соответственно. Тем временем, MC1R, MC2R и MC5R связаны с риском серьезного де

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… Activation of MC4R promotes energy expenditure and thermogenesis [ 38 ]. Genetic variations in MC4R may impact these metabolic effects, contributing to energy expenditure and variations in metabolic rate. 3.5. … Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) MC4R is related to regulation of meal consumption and appetite, utilization of energy, thermogenesis, and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MC4R is unique as it attaches to Gs, Gi, and Gq. …

The Role of Irisin and Physical Activity in Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Irisin, a myokine released during physical activity, has been proposed as a mediator of exercise's protective effects against breast cancer (BC). This review underscores the critical role of irisin in mediating the anticancer effects of exercise and its potential application in BC prevention and prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies published up to 2025 were identified in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Data from experimental models, clinical trials, and observational studies were analyzed with emphasis on exercise-induced irisin secretion and its effects on

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… The main function of BAT is thermogenesis ( 151 ). One of the terms connected with adipose tissue is white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, which is a promising target in the fight against obesity ( 148 ). … Thermogenin, an uncoupling protein (UCP1), is associated with thermogenesis and is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of beige/brown adipose tissue cells ( 130 , 148 , 151 , 157 ). …

Brown adipose tissue is associated with reduced weight loss and risk of cancer cachexia: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been mainly investigated as a potential target against cardiometabolic disease, but it has also been linked to cancer-related outcomes. Although preclinical data support that BAT and the thermogenic adipocytes in white adipose tissue may play an adverse role in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia, results from studies in patients have reported inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to examine the interrelationship between presence of detectable BAT, changes in body weight, and cachexia in patients with cancer. We hypothesized that

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… Specifically, BAT thermogenesis and the browning of WAT have been thought to contribute to the hypermetabolic state of cancer cachexia in rodents [ 19 – 23 ]. … physiology Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019 1864 1 91 103 29859245 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.014 19 Kir S Tumour-derived PTH-related protein triggers adipose tissue browning and cancer cachexia Nature 2014 513 7516 100 4 10.1038/nature13528 25043053 PMC4224962 20 Tsoli M Activation of thermogenesis …

The Contribution of Tumor Derived Exosomes to Cancer Cachexia.

Cancer cachexia is defined as unintentional weight loss secondary to neoplasia and is associated with poor prognosis and outcomes. Cancer cachexia associated weight loss affects both lean tissue (i.e., skeletal muscle) and adipose tissue. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from multivesicular bodies that contain intentionally loaded biomolecular cargo. Exosome cargo includes proteins, lipids, mitochondrial components, and nucleic acids. The cargo carried in exosomes is thought to alter cell signaling when it enters into recipient cells. Virtually every cell type secretes exosom

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… BAT is much more vascularized (contributing to the brown coloration) than WAT and serves to regulate whole body thermogenesis and energy expenditure. … Cold Acclimation Recruits Human Brown Fat and Increases Nonshivering Thermogenesis. J. Clin. Investig. 2013;123:3395–3403. doi: 10.1172/JCI68993. 96. Aldiss P., Betts J., Sale C., Pope M., Budge H., Symonds M.E. Exercise-Induced ‘Browning’ of Adipose Tissues. …

Another Weapon against Cancer and Metastasis: Physical-Activity-Dependent Effects on Adiposity and Adipokines.

Physically active behavior has been associated with a reduced risk of developing certain types of cancer and improved psychological conditions for patients by reducing anxiety and depression, in turn improving the quality of life of cancer patients. On the other hand, the correlations between inactivity, sedentary behavior, and overweight and obesity with the risk of development and progression of various cancers are well studied, mainly in middle-aged and elderly subjects. In this article, we have revised the evidence on the effects of physical activity on the expression and release of the ad

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… The latter is mainly present in the humans in the cervical and supraclavicular regions and dissipates energy through thermogenesis [ 13 ]. Consequently, white and brown adipocytes express different developmental, morphological, and metabolic features functional to their biological roles. … Beige adipocytes can be found within WAT; they appear as morphologically similar to brown adipocytes, as they contain multilocular lipid droplets and several mitochondria and express the uncoupling protein (UCP)1, which enhances mitochondrial respiration and non-shivering thermogenesis [ 186 ]. …

Towards Drug Repurposing in Cancer Cachexia: Potential Targets and Candidates.

As a multifactorial and multiorgan syndrome, cancer cachexia is associated with decreased tolerance to antitumor treatments and increased morbidity and mortality rates. The current approaches for the treatment of this syndrome are not always effective and well established. Drug repurposing or repositioning consists of the investigation of pharmacological components that are already available or in clinical trials for certain diseases and explores if they can be used for new indications. Its advantages comparing to de novo drugs development are the reduced amount of time spent and costs. In thi

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… WAT Browning While lipolysis represents a depletion of adipose tissue principally in WAT mass, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a site of heat production (thermogenesis) contributing to cancer cachexia by increasing energy expenditure [ 6 , 94 ]. … β-adrenergic Blockers β 3 -adrenergic receptor plays a crucial role in lipolysis and thermogenesis regulation, being the principal signalling pathway that active WAT browning [ 104 , 105 ]. …

Специальный выпуск "Роль витамина D в здоровье человека и заболеваниях 4.0".

Этот специальный выпуск посвящен расширению наших знаний о роли витамина D в здоровье человека и заболеваниях [...].

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… Perinatal Vitamin D Deficiency Enhances Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Weanling Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 4534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104534 . …

[Pharmacological therapy of obesity].

Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide and it is correlated with various comorbidities, among which the most relevant are diabet … the level of brown adipose tissue, sibutramine can also facilitate energy expenditure by increasing thermogenesis. The long-term studies (five) documented a mean differential weight reduction of 4.45 kg for sibutramine vs placebo. Considering the principal studies, attrition rate was 43%. This drug not only reduces body weight and waist circumference, but it de …

Xanthohumol: Mechanistic Actions and Emerging Evidence as a Multi-Target Natural Nutraceutical.

BACKGROUND: Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone flavonoid derived from hops (Humulus lupulus), is increasingly recognized as a highly pleiotropic natural compound. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to structure XN's mechanistic hierarchy with emerging translational relevance across disease areas. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive and integrative literature review of XN for its biological and translational effects across cancer, metabolic, neurological, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, and dermatological disorders. RESULTS: Mechanistically, XN exerts diverse bioactivities by inhibiting major pro-on

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… It inhibits adipogenesis-related genes such as Pparγ and C/ebpα and promotes browning/thermogenesis-related gene Ucp1 , linking AMPK/SIRT1 activation to smaller, more oxidative fat depots [ 98 , 99 ]. … In vivo, these effects are associated with higher energy expenditure, resistance to HFD-induced weight gain, and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α/SIRT1) and BAT thermogenesis [ 105 , 106 ]. …

Energy metabolism in health and diseases.

Energy metabolism is indispensable for sustaining physiological functions in living organisms and assumes a pivotal role across physiological and pathological conditions. This review provides an extensive overview of advancements in energy metabolism research, elucidating critical pathways such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, along with their intricate regulatory mechanisms. The homeostatic balance of these processes is crucial; however, in pathological states such as neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer, exten

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… In cold environments, energy metabolism undergoes distinct changes to maintain body temperature. 239 The body increases thermogenesis, primarily through non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, which involves increased FAO and uncoupling of OXPHOS to generate heat rather than ATP. 240 Within … non-shivering thermogenesis, the β3-adrenergic signaling pathway plays a pivotal role. 241 When exposed to cold, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, leading to the release of norepinephrine, which binds to β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) on the surface of brown adipocytes. 241 This binding …

Терапевтический потенциал моделей Purmorphamine через болезни.

Purmorphamine (PUR) — тройная субституция пурина, которая выборочно активирует сгущенный рецептор, тем самым инициируя Sonic Hedgehog (Shhh) сигнализирующий путь, имеющий решающее значение для эмбриональной модели, нейронной спецификации и регенерации тканей в различных системах различных органов. Регулирование сигнала " Шш " причастно к дегенеративным заболеваниям, однако терапевтические меры, направленные на этот путь, по-прежнему ограничены. PUR демонстрирует широкую терапевтическую эффективность различных моделей предклинических заболеваний путем активации как транскрипции с помо

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… . | ↓ Anxiety‐like behaviour post‐withdrawal; altered Hh cascade expression in brain; modulated Smo/Gli signalling | [ 43 ] Obesity/Metabolic disease | 2025 | Mouse (in vivo) | Not specified | Systemic | Potentiates SCTR–cAMP–PKA signalling; promotes brown adipose thermogenesis; non‐classical SMO‐independent … Nawabjan , et al., “ Purmorphamine Exerts Anti‐Obesity Effects by Enhancing Secretin‐Activated Brown Fat Thermogenesis ,” Cell Reports 44 , no. 12 ( 2025 ): 116628 . 41348539 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116628 22 Q. Hu , T. Li , L. …

Publisher Correction: Effects of effective antithyroid therapy on adiposity and skeletal muscle in patients with hyperthyroidism across gender and age groups.

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (13): 6170-6175 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202307_32973D-PMID: 37458673, published online on July 13, 2023. Fol … e Y, Dulloo AG. Reduced Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover and Thyroid Hormone Metabolism in Adaptive Thermogenesis That Facilitates Body Fat Recovery During Weight Regain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10: 119. Peterson ME, Castellano CA, Rishniw M. Evaluation of Body Weight, Body Condition, and Muscle Condition in Cats with Hyperthyroidism. J Vet Intern Med …