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Analysis of Coagulation Abnormality in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Its Clinical Significance.

ObjectiveTo analyze the abnormal changes of coagulation indexes in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and their clinical significance on prognosis.MethodsAmong 80 patients with MM, there were 24 patients of light chain type, 36 patients of IgG type, and 20 patients of IgA type. In the same period, 30 healthy people were in the control group. The laboratory indexes such as plasma prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), thromboplastin time (TT), D-dimer (D-D), and platelet (PLT) were detected and compared. The prognosis of MM patients was followed

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… High expression of MM cells means that microbubbles with anticoagulant effects contain a high concentration of substances that affect mesenchymal and endothelial cell antigen factors and induce cell migration and proliferation through specific signal transduction pathways, thus increasing endothelial …

MicroRNA-7: a versatile player and core target in brain disorders.

OBJECTIVE: This article provides a systematic review of the biological characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and roles of MicroRNA-7 (miR-7) in the nervous system, as well as explores its clinical translation potential and challenges. METHODS: A review analysis integrating the progress of basic and clinical research related to miR-7. RESULTS: Characteristics and Regulation: miR-7 is highly expressed in mammalian brain tissues, with its function finely regulated by ceRNA networks (such as ciRS-7 and lncRNA SNHG1) and epigenetic modifications, forming a multi-layer dynamic regulatory system.

Emerging Nanopharmaceuticals and Nanonutraceuticals in Cancer Management.

Nanotechnology is the science of nanoscale, which is the scale of nanometers or one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology encompasses a broad range of technologies, materials, and manufacturing processes that are used to design and/or enhance many products, including medicinal products. This technology has achieved considerable progress in the oncology field in recent years. Most chemotherapeutic agents are not specific to the cancer cells they are intended to treat, and they can harm healthy cells, leading to numerous adverse effects. Due to this non-specific targeting, it is not feasible to a

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… Microbubble contrast agents: Targeted ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-assisted drug-delivery applications Invest. Radiol. 2006 41 354 362 10.1097/01.rli.0000199292.88189.0f 16481920 74. Gao Z. Kennedy A.M. Christensen D.A. Rapoport N.Y. … Drug-loaded nano/microbubbles for combining ultrasonography and targeted chemotherapy Ultrasonics 2008 48 260 270 10.1016/j.ultras.2007.11.002 18096196 PMC2637393 75. Başpınar Y. Erel-Akbaba G. Kotmakçı M. Akbaba H. …

The use of RNA-based treatments in the field of cancer immunotherapy.

Over the past several decades, mRNA vaccines have evolved from a theoretical concept to a clinical reality. These vaccines offer several advantages over traditional vaccine techniques, including their high potency, rapid development, low-cost manufacturing, and safe administration. However, until recently, concerns over the instability and inefficient distribution of mRNA in vivo have limited their utility. Fortunately, recent technological advancements have mostly resolved these concerns, resulting in the development of numerous mRNA vaccination platforms for infectious diseases and various t

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… destruction | mRNA delivered to the site of interest using ultrasound and microbubbles | Increased cellular uptake and gene expression at the site of interest | Targeted delivery, non-invasive | Limited to superficial tumors, small area of effect | Safety of microbubbles | Preclinical trials | Various … | mRNA delivered to tissue via microbubble-assisted ultrasound | Facilitates cellular uptake and gene expression | Non-invasive, targeted delivery | Limited to specific tissue types and requires specialized equipment | Safety of microbubbles | Preclinical trials | Various cancer types | [ 161 ] mRNA …

Latest Advancements in the Management of H3K27M-Mutant Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: A Narrative Review.

Despite recent advancements in radiotherapy for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG), the prognosis of this disease remains poor, highlighting the need for new treatment strategies to improve outcomes. Adding stereotactic biopsy to the diagnostic process for children with DIPG has been crucial in improving the management of this disease. Indeed, the discovery of the H3K27M mutation as a key driver of DIPG has led to the development of new drugs that are more effective than traditional ones. These include nimotuzumab (an anti-EGFR drug) and vinorelbine (a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid) in com

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… To further enhance the efficacy of this therapeutic agent, an ongoing study ( NCT04804709 ) is also investigating the possibility of opening up the blood–brain barrier through focused ultrasound using microbubbles and neuro-navigator-controlled sonication to allow a greater concentration of drugs to …

Emerging Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC).

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from hepatocytes and accounts for 90% of primary liver cancer. According to Global Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence (GLOBOCAN) 2020, globally HCC is the sixth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Reasons for HCC prognosis remaining dismal are that HCC is asymptomatic in its early stages, leading to late diagnosis, and it is markedly resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice in early stages, while surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and

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… In another study, double suicide gene system TK and CD was delivered via cationic microbubbles decorated with αVβ3 integrin antibody to specifically target HepG2 cells. This approach inhibited HepG2 xenografts in nude mice by the induction of apoptosis upon treatment with GCV and 5-FC [ 79 ]. … Effects of cationic microbubble carrying CD/TK double suicide gene and αVβ3 integrin antibody in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0158592. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158592. 80. Zhang B., Chen M., Zhang Y., Chen W., Zhang L., Chen L. …

Current landscape and future directions of targeted-alpha-therapy for glioblastoma treatment.

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive malignancy of the central nervous system. Despite two decades of intensive research since the establishment of the standard of care, emerging strategies have yet to produce consistent satisfactory outcomes. Because of its specific localisation and intricate characteristics, GB is a uniquely regulated solid tumour with a strong resistance to therapy. Advances in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT), particularly with the introduction of a-emitting radionuclides, have unveiled potential avenues for the management of GB. Recent preclinical and clinical stud

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… Their method involved the administration of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound with simultaneous intravenous microbubble injection 240 . … Sharma et al. recently reviewed this concept, noting that ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles can optimise radiation effects and potentially trigger an anti-tumour response 242 . Radiosensitisers . …

Towards a New Dawn for Neuro-Oncology: Nanomedicine at the Service of Drug Delivery for Primary and Secondary Brain Tumours.

(1) Background/Objectives: Primary and secondary brain tumours often hold devastating prognoses and low survival rates despite the application of maximal neurosurgical resection, and state-of-the-art radiotherapy and chemotherapy. One limiting factor in their management is that several antineoplastic agents are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the tumour microenvironment. Nanomedicine could hold the potential to become an effective means of drug delivery to overcome previous hurdles towards effective neuro-oncological treatments. (2) Methods: A scoping review following th

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… FUS reversibly disrupts the BBB and increases its permeability with the use of microbubbles and a low-energy burst tone. Due to its effects being local rather than systemic, off-target side effects are reduced. … Similarly, tumour growth inhibition was seen when tested on HER2 + BT474 tumours in mice brains—however, to increase the effectiveness of NP uptake, microbubble-assisted ultrasound-guided BBB disruption was utilised. …

Developing Actively Targeted Nanoparticles to Fight Cancer: Focus on Italian Research.

Active targeting is a valuable and promising approach with which to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of nanodelivery systems, and the development of tumor-targeted nanoparticles has therefore attracted much research attention. In this field, the research carried out in Italian Pharmaceutical Technology academic groups has been focused on the development of actively targeted nanosystems using a multidisciplinary approach. To highlight these efforts, this review reports a thorough description of the last 10 years of Italian research results on the development of actively targeted nanoparticles t

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… They are considered to be the next generation of microbubbles, and they are already in clinical use as contrast agents for ultrasound (US). Unlike microbubbles, NBs have a prolonged circulation time and can extravasate from blood vessels, but remain visible to US imaging. …

Predicting tumour response.

Response prediction is an important emerging concept in oncologic imaging, with tailored, individualized treatment regimens increasingly becoming the standard of care. This review aims to define tumour response and illustrate the ways in which imaging techniques can demonstrate tumour biological characteristics that provide information on the likely benefit to be received by treatment. Two imaging approaches are described: identification of therapeutic targets and depiction of the treatment-resistant phenotype. The former approach is exemplified by the use of radionuclide imaging to confirm ta

Эгоистические нейрофармацевтики: открытие кровеносного барьера для лечения следующего поколения.

Блокирование мозга крови (ББД) представляет собой огромную проблему в нейрофармакологии, ограничивая доставку терапевтических агентов в мозг. Экзосомы, нанокарьеры природы, стали многообещающим решением из-за их биосовместимости, низкой иммуногенности и врожденной способности пересекать ББД. Тщательное изучение анатомии и физиологии ББД свидетельствует о сложности доставки неврологических наркотиков и подчеркивает ограниченность традиционных методов. В настоящем обзоре изучается потенциал нейрофармацевтики с экзосомной силой, при этом особое внимание уделяется их структурным и функциональным с

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… In addition to these strategies, focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with microbubbles offers a non-invasive means to transiently disrupt the BBB. … The cavitation effect of microbubbles under ultrasound stimulation creates temporary openings in tight junctions, enabling drug delivery without significant endothelial damage. Clinical trials using FUS for glioblastoma treatment have shown promising results [ 44 ]. …

Targeting Non-coding RNA for Glioblastoma Therapy: The Challenge of Overcomes the Blood-Brain Barrier.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form of all primary brain tumors, and it is responsible for around 200,000 deaths each year worldwide. The standard therapy for GBM treatment includes surgical resection followed by temozolomide-based chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. With this treatment, the median survival rate of GBM patients is only 15 months after its initial diagnosis. Therefore, novel and better treatment modalities for GBM treatment are urgently needed. Mounting evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have critical roles as regulators of gene expression. Long non-coding

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… Here, microbubbles are administered into the circulation and a non-invasive FUS is performed in the brain region of interest. When submitted to the low-energy toned ultrasound, the microbubbles burst and transiently permeate the BBB, causing a physical cavitation effect. …

FGA Controls VEGFA Secretion to Promote Angiogenesis by Activating the VEGFR2-FAK Signalling Pathway.

BackgroundOur previous work revealed the high expression of fibrinogen alpha chain (FGA) in patients with endometriosis (EM) and that it could promote the migration and invasion of endometrial stromal cells. Angiogenesis is the key condition for the development of EM. This study was aimed to elucidate the role of FGA in endometrial stromal cells involved in angiogenesis in EM.MethodsImmunohistochemistry was used to detect the microvessel density (MVD) and VEGF expression in the eutopic endometrium samples from EM and non-EM. The conditioned medium (CM) of human primary eutopic endometrial stro

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… Dual-Targeted Microbubbles Specific to Integrin αvβ3 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 for Ultrasonography Evaluation of Tumor Angiogenesis. Ultrasound Med Biol (2018) 44:1460–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.03.022 47. Simons M, Gordon E, Claesson-Welsh L. …

Antibiotic-Free Gene Vectors: A 25-Year Journey to Clinical Trials.

Until very recently, the major use, for gene therapy, specifically of linear or circular DNA, such as plasmids, was as ancillary products for viral vectors' production or as a genetic template for mRNA production. Thanks to targeted and more efficient physical or chemical delivery techniques and to the refinement of their structure, non-viral plasmid DNA are now under intensive consideration as pharmaceutical drugs. Plasmids traditionally carry an antibiotic resistance gene for providing the selection pressure necessary for maintenance in a bacterial host. Nearly a dozen different antibiotic-f

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… Pore formation and cell membrane permeability can also be generated by the laser-assisted transfection [ 21 ] or ultrasound (also called sonoporation) that induced the growth and collapse of microbubbles [ 22 , 23 ]. … Development of Therapeutic Microbubbles for Enhancing Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Delivery. J. Control. Release. 2014;182:111–120. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.002. 24. Panté N., Kann M. Nuclear Pore Complex Is Able to Transport Macromolecules with Diameters of ∼39 Nm. Mol. Biol. …

Theranostic Potentials of Gold Nanomaterials in Hematological Malignancies.

Hematological malignancies (HMs) are a heterogeneous group of blood neoplasia generally characterized by abnormal blood-cell production. Detection of HMs-specific molecular biomarkers (e.g., surface antigens, nucleic acid, and proteomic biomarkers) is crucial in determining clinical states and monitoring disease progression. Early diagnosis of HMs, followed by an effective treatment, can remarkably extend overall survival of patients. However, traditional and advanced HMs' diagnostic strategies still lack selectivity and sensitivity. More importantly, commercially available chemotherapeutic dr

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… Then, treatment of secondary antibody (MAB-2)-loaded AuNPs clustered along with laser irradiation (at 532 nm, 0.6 J/cm 2 ) for 10 nanoseconds caused 98.5%–99.9% destruction of ALL cells by photothermally produced microbubbles. … Selective laser nano-thermolysis of human leukemia cells with microbubbles generated around clusters of gold nanoparticles Lasers Surg. Med. 2006 38 631 642 10.1002/lsm.20359 16736503 94. Liopo A. Conjusteau A. Konopleva M. Andreeff M. Oraevsky A. …

Commercially available bioinks and state-of-the-art lab-made formulations for bone tissue engineering: A comprehensive review.

Bioprinting and bioinks are two of the game changers in bone tissue engineering. This review presents different bioprinting technologies including extrusion-based, inkjet-based, laser-assisted, light-based, and hybrid technologies with their own strengths and weaknesses. This review will aid researchers in the selection and assessment of the bioink; the discussion ranges from commercially available bioinks to custom lab-made formulations mainly based on natural polymers, such as agarose, alginate, gelatin, collagen, and chitosan, designed for bone tissue engineering. The review is centered on

Polyphenols: Chemoprevention and therapeutic potentials in hematological malignancies.

Polyphenols are one of the largest plant-derived natural product and they play an important role in plants' defense as well as in human health and disease. A number of them are pleiotropic molecules and have been shown to regulate signaling pathways, immune response and cell growth and proliferation which all play a role in cancer development. Hematological malignancies on the other hand, are cancers of the blood. While current therapies are efficacious, they are usually expensive and with unwanted side effects. Thus, the search for newer less toxic agents. Polyphenols have been reported to po

Positron emission tomography for the assessment of myocardial viability: an evidence-based analysis.

UNLABELLED: In July 2009, the Medical Advisory Secretariat (MAS) began work on Non-Invasive Cardiac Imaging Technologies for the Assessment … OCARDIOGRAPHY WITH CONTRAST: Intravenous contrast agents, which are high molecular weight inert gas microbubbles that act like red blood cells in the vascular space, can be used during echocardiography to assess myocardial viability. These agents allow for the assessment of myocardial blood flow (perfusion) and contractile function (as described above), as wel …

New clinical research strategies in thoracic oncology: clinical trial design, adaptive, basket and umbrella trials, new end-points and new evaluations of response.

In the genomics era, our main goal should be to identify large and meaningful differences in small, molecularly selected groups of patients. Classical phase I, II and III models for drug development require large resources, limiting the number of experimental agents that can be tested and making the evaluation of targeted agents inefficient. There is an urgent need to streamline the development of new compounds, with the aim of identifying "trials designed to learn", which could lead to subsequent "trials designed to conclude". Basket trials are often viewed as parallel phase II trials within

Освещение нанотерапевтики с точными глазами: от оптического к радионаностантике.

Рак по-прежнему относится к числу самых смертоносных заболеваний во всем мире, унося много жизней из-за высоких показателей смертности. Химиотерапия, являющаяся одной из основных форм лечения рака, приносит значительные выгоды, однако ей мешают недостатки, которые ставят под угрозу качество жизни пациентов. Таким образом, разработка альтернатив минимально инвазивному лечению по-прежнему представляет собой серьезную проблему. Среди них наноматериалы, легкая фототерапия, включая фотодинамическую терапию, фототермальную терапию и радиотерапию, являются перспективными вариантами, обеспечивающими т

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… Finally, gas-filled microbubbles or nanobubbles provide a distinct approach by storing oxygen in a gaseous core. These systems can be externally triggered—most commonly using ultrasound—to release oxygen at a specific time and location 121 , 122 . … The NPs exhibit tumor-specific US imaging via microbubble generation and cancer-selective “OFF-ON” FL signals due to Fe²⁺ chelation. NP-mediated PTT can be optimized to prevent metastasis by precisely tuning photothermal temperature 202 . …