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Polyphenolic natural products as photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: recent advances and future prospects.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a potent contender in the fight against microbial infections, especially in the context of the rising antibiotic resistance crisis. Recently, there has been significant interest in polyphenolic natural products as potential photosensitizers (PSs) in aPDT, given their unique chemical structures and inherent antimicrobial properties. Polyphenolic natural products, abundant and readily obtainable from natural sources, are generally regarded as safe and highly compatible with the human body. This comprehensive review focuses on the latest develo

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… Type II reactions involve the transfer of energy from the PS to oxygen, generating highly reactive singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) ( 52 ). These two reaction types induce oxidative stress and cellular damage, ultimately leading to cell death. … A study by Ribeiro et al. demonstrated that curcumin-mediated aPDT, when irradiated with LED light, effectively generated photoproducts, and ROS, such as singlet oxygen and free radicals, inducing phototoxicity. …

Applications of Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials in Immunology: From Diagnostics to Immunotherapy.

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) materials, due to their unique ability to significantly enhance optical emission in aggregated states, have demonstrated vast potential in immunology, particularly in early disease diagnosis and immunotherapy. AIE materials can serve as highly efficient fluorescent probes for biomarker detection, providing critical insights for early diagnosis. Additionally, they can act as cancer vaccines, enhancing the effectiveness of immunotherapy through photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, or activation of immune cells. This review highlights the applications of

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… This photosensitizer can efficiently generate singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) when it is irradiated with a 532 nm laser. … This activates the photosensitizer, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly singlet oxygen, which induces damage to tumor cells, the surrounding vasculature, and the tumor microenvironment. This damage results in tumor cell apoptosis or necrosis. …

Breaking the Resistance: Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Stem Cell-Driven Tumorigenesis.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are essential for the growth of malignancies because they encourage resistance to cancer therapy and make metastasis and relapse easier. To effectively tackle the obstacles presented by CSCs, novel therapeutic approaches are required. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment option for cancer cells, which uses light-sensitive medications that are activated by light wavelengths. This review investigates the use of PDT to overcome malignancies driven by CSCs that have innate resistance mechanisms. PDT works by causing tumor cells to accumulate photosensitizers

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… PSs can transfer energy to ground-state oxygen ( 3 O 2 ), resulting in the formation of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), through a process known as the type II photodynamic pathway [ 26 ]. A ground-state PS accelerates into a high-energy electronic state by light absorption [ 27 ]. … Role of various nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy and detection methods of singlet oxygen Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 2019 26 162 178 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.016 30914390 25. Tavakkoli F. Zahedifar M. Sadeghi E. …

The Effect of Myc Inhibition Combined with the Synergistic Effect of Photothermal, Photodynamic and Radiotherapy in Tumor Treatment.

Photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and radiotherapy offer the potential for precise tumor ablation with minimal adverse reactions. Myc is an oncogene that plays a critical role in cell growth and tumor development by regulating processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism. It is widely expressed in human cancers and is recognized as one of the potential targets for cancer therapy. Recent studies on the mechanism of Myc suggest that inhibiting its expression can delay cancer onset and progression. With the development of medical technology, photother

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… Type II reaction produces singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). … The main mechanism by which photodynamic therapy inhibits tumors is that photosensitizers, when irradiated with light of specific wavelengths, generate reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, thereby causing tissue hypoxia. …

Progress of Cancer Nanotechnology as Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Theranostics Nanomedicine: Preclinical Promise and Translational Challenges.

Early detection, right therapeutic intervention, and simultaneous effectiveness mapping are considered the critical factors in successful cancer therapy. Nevertheless, these factors experience the limitations of conventional cancer diagnostics and therapeutics delivery approaches. Along with providing the targeted therapeutics delivery, advances in nanomedicines have allowed the combination of therapy and diagnostics in a single system (called cancer theranostics). This paper discusses the progress in the pre-clinical and clinical development of therapeutics, diagnostics, and theranostics canc

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… The ability of photosensitizers to produce singlet oxygen and selectively get delivered at therapeutic concentrations at the tumor site determines the efficiency of PDT [ 24 ]. … It revealed that photosensitizers in the developed system generate significantly high singlet oxygen yield compared to the free photosensitizer (protoporphyrin IX). …

Нанозимы: инновационная терапия в борьбе с нейродегенеративными заболеваниями.

Нейродегенеративные заболевания, включая болезнь Альцгеймера (AD), болезнь Паркинсона (PD), множественный склероз (MS), амиотропический боковой склероз (ALS) и болезнь Хантингтона (HD), представляют собой серьезную проблему для здоровья населения мира из-за их прогрессивного характера и отсутствия лечения. Эти расстройства характеризуются окислительным стрессом, завязыванием белка и нейроинфламмацией, которые в совокупности приводят к нервным повреждениям и смерти. Последние достижения в нанотехнологии позволили внедрить нанозменные наноматериалы, которые имитируют деятельность, похожую на фер

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… Singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) is an excited form of molecular oxygen with significant oxidative potential. It is not actually radical because it does not contain an unpaired electron. … Singlet oxygen is primarily produced through photosensitizing reactions and can diffuse longer distances compared to hydroxyl radicals, affecting distant biomolecules [ 60 , 61 ]. In photodynamic therapy, singlet oxygen is utilized to destroy cancer cells, especially those found in solid tumors. …

Research progress in inducing immunogenic cell death of tumor cells.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a regulated cell death (RCD) pathway. In response to physical and chemical signals, tumor cells activate specific signaling pathways that stimulate stress responses in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and expose damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which promote antitumor immune responses. As a result, the tumor microenvironment is altered, and many tumor cells are killed. The ICD response in tumor cells requires inducers. These inducers can be from different sources and contribute to the development of the ICD either indirectly or directly. The combinati

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… Type II reactions transfer energy to produce highly reactive singlet oxygen, which is very powerful and can cause significant damage to tumor cells ( Figure 3 ). Figure 3 Mechanism of action of photodynamic therapy (PDT). … In type II, the excited triplet PS can convert 3 O 2 to singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) by energy transfer. …

A technical note on emerging combination approach involved in the onconanotherapeutics.

Cancer is the second cause of mortality worldwide, and the currently available conventional treatment approach is associated with serious side effects and poor clinical outcomes. Based on the outcome of the exploratory preclinical and clinical studies, it was found that therapeutic response increases multiple folds when anticancer drugs are used in combination. However, the conventional combination of anticancer drugs was associated with various limitations such as increased cost of treatment, systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and reduced pharmacokinetic attributes. Hence, attempts were made

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… The fluorescence pattern of optimized nanocomplex was further studied using singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) medium, which resulted in generation of singlet oxygen species as an indicator of promising photodynamic effect. … Responses to the laser radiations can be related to the elevation in temperature and production of singlet oxygen. …

Доказательства потенциала гуанидов против Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: исследование витро эффективности, токсичности и влияния на ответ иммунной системы.

Лейшманиаз — это сложная группа инфекционных и паразитарных заболеваний, которая поражает десятки тысяч людей на пяти континентах. Лечение лейшманиаза остается сложной задачей, так как оно зависит от лекарств, известных своей высокой токсичностью и ограниченной эффективностью, что делает необходимым поиск новых молекул, которые обеспечивали бы большую эффективность и безопасность. Настоящее исследование посвящено изучению влияния семи синтетических гуанидиновых производных (LQOF-G1, LQOF-G2, LQOF-G6, LQOF-G7, LQOF-G32, LQOF-G35 и LQOF-G36) на паразита Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis и витроп

Mechanisms and Applications of Manganese-Based Nanomaterials in Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy.

Tumors are the second most common cause of mortality globally, ranking just below heart disease. With continuous advances in diagnostic technology and treatment approaches, the survival rates of some cancers have increased. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of the mechanisms underlying tumors, cancer remains a serious public health issue that threatens the health of the population globally. Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element for the human body. Its regulatory role in tumor biology has received much attention in recent years. Developments in nanotechnology have led to the emergence

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… The authors performed in vitro experiments using the 4T1 mouse breast cancer cell line and observed the generation of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) as a measure of SDT efficacy. … Singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) possesses distinctive chemical properties and exhibits significant cytotoxicity to tumor cells, making it a ROS of importance. …

Ликопен дополнил средиземноморские диеты экспериментальными аутоиммунными энцефаломелитами (EAE) в мышах и изменениями кишечного микробиома.

Цель этого исследования заключалась в определении воздействия средиземноморского рациона питания (MD) и ликопена на развитие EAE и на подстрекательские маркеры. В 43-day :: исследование, 72 Женский C57BL/6 Мыши были случайно разделены на eight группы в зависимости от того, были ли они EAE или наивными (контрольными) мышами, питались западной диетой или MD, и получали ли они ликопен. Во время исследования мышей кормили ад-либитумом, а ликопиновые группы - ликопинами. 10 мг/кг/сут ликопен на мышь каждый день 28 днями в оральной желудке. Мыши были забраны за EAE, принесены в жертву, и их селезенк

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… However, lycopene is among the most potent antioxidants, with a singlet-oxygen quenching ability that is two times higher than β-carotene and ten times higher than alpha-tocopherol (van Steenwijk et al. 2020 ). … Lycopene has the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eliminate singlet oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide. Its effect on reactive oxygen species includes radical attachment, electron transfer, and allylic hydrogen abstraction (Kulawik et al. 2023 ). …

Oxidative Stress and Cancer: Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin and Analogues Against Cancer.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a class of bioactive molecules that are the by-products of many cellular functions. These molecules are present in normal cells at homeostatic levels but have been studied extensively in cancer due to their dysregulation resulting in pro- and anti-tumorigenic environments. Completely understanding the paradoxical nature of ROS in cancer is imperative to fully realize its modulation as cancer therapy. Studies into ROS have shown far-reaching effects in cancer, including how ROS levels regulate signaling, response to treatment, drug resistance, etc. Many drugs w

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… INTRODUCTION Reactive Oxygen Species Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are chemically reactive species containing diatomic oxygen, including peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen. 1 ROS is an over-arching term for derivatives of molecular oxygen that were originally thought to be …

Cold atmospheric plasma sensitizes head and neck cancer to chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the seventh most prevalent cancer globally, often characterized by chemo-resistance and immunosuppression, which significantly hampers treatment efficacy. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has recently emerged as a promising adjuvant oncotherapy with substantial potential and advantages. In this study, Piezobrush® PZ2, a handheld CAP unit based on the piezoelectric direct discharge technology, was used to generate and deliver non-thermal plasma. We aimed to investigate the effects of CAPPZ2 on various types of HNC cells and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In addi

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… These reactive species can be categorized as short-lived, including hydroxyl radicals (OH • ), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), superoxide anions (O 2 − ), and peroxynitrite (ONOO − ). Short-lived species like 1 O 2 play a key role in apoptosis and the production of cytotoxic compounds. … Fig. 4 In addition, CAP PZ2 produces diverse, short-lived ROS, including singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), superoxide (O 2 •– ), hydroxyl rad-ical (OH • ), nitric oxide (NO • ), and peroxynitrite (ONOO − ), in the PBS, detected with spin traps to form spin trap adducts and quantified with electron spin resonance …

Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP)-Juvenile Onset.

In this article, we describe the treatment of long standing juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) with eventual transformation to carcinoma in a patient who lived to the age of 73. Treatment modalities consisted of bronchoscopy and local excision initially. Later, YAG and CO2 laser debulking were used. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy with carboplatin (300 mg/m2) and 5-FU (600 mg/m2), oral methotrexate (5-7.5 mg/week), pegylated Interferon, indole-3-carbamide, and intralesional cidofovir were also utilized in the treatment of this patient. Except for methotrexate, each of the t

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… This creates a singlet oxygen reaction resulting in an anti-angiogenic effect.( Auborn, 2002 ) In 1998, Shikowitz using Dihematoporphyrinether (DHE) PDT demonstrated in a randomized prospective trial that patients receiving either 3.25 mg/kg or 4.25 mg/kg dose showed notable improvement over the first …

Revisiting the standards of cancer detection and therapy alongside their comparison to modern methods.

In accordance with the World Health Organization data, cancer remains at the forefront of fatal diseases. An upward trend in cancer incidence and mortality has been observed globally, emphasizing that efforts in developing detection and treatment methods should continue. The diagnostic path typically begins with learning the medical history of a patient; this is followed by basic blood tests and imaging tests to indicate where cancer may be located to schedule a needle biopsy. Prompt initiation of diagnosis is crucial since delayed cancer detection entails higher costs of treatment and hospita

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… Singlet oxygen generation leads to significant toxicity, signaling pathway alterations, apoptosis, and necrosis in PS-absorbing areas[ 228 , 230 ]. Clinical trials have shown that hypericin-associated PDT can effectively treat mycosis fungoides, a type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma[ 227 , 228 ]. …

Связь между окисляющим стрессом, митохондриальной дисфункцией, железным метаболизмом и микроглией в множестве склерозов: обзор нарации.

В последние годы в патогенезе множественного склероза особое внимание уделяется митохондриальным процессам, влияющим на начало заболевания. Окисляющий стресс будет одним из последствий митохондриальной дисфункции, и его воздействие на ткани мозга хорошо описано. Микроглия, как макрофаж мозга, имеет важную функцию в удалении нежелательных метаболитов, а также железа, который является усилителем окислительного стресса. Существуют новшества с точки зрения связи между этими процессами, которые в большей степени перенаправляют исследования на сам процесс нейродегенерации, с тем чтобы больше не дела

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… Reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals are superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, peroxyradicals, nitrogen monoxide, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen and peroxynitrate. Low levels of free radicals act as secondary messengers for signal transduction in cells. …

Radiation induced oral mucositis.

PATIENTS RECEIVING RADIOTHERAPY OR CHEMOTHERAPY WILL RECEIVE SOME DEGREE OF ORAL MUCOSITIS THE INCIDENCE OF ORAL MUCOSITIS WAS ESPECIALLY HIGH IN PATIENTS: (i) With primary tumors in the oral cavity, oropharynx, or nasopharynx; (ii) who also received concomitant chemotherapy; (iii) who received a total dose over 5,000 cGy; and (iv) who were treated with altered fractionation radiation schedules. Radiation-induced oral mucositis affects the quality of life of the patients and the family concerned. The present day management of oral mucositis is mostly palliative and or supportive care. The newe

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… In a placebo-controlled phase II trial in patients with head and neck cancer, this agent significantly reduced the incidence of severe oral mucositis up to doses of 50-Gy radiation therapy.[ 36 ] Beta carotene Beta carotene, a vitamin A derivative, is a scavenger of singlet oxygen. …

Applications of Curcumin and Its Nanoforms in the Treatment of Cancer.

Due to the diverse medicinal and pharmacokinetic properties of turmeric, it is well-known in the therapeutic, pharmaceutic, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and dietary industries. It gained importance due to its multitude of properties, such as wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, cytoprotective, anti-aging, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects. Even though the natural healing effect of turmeric has been known to Indians as early as 2500 BCE, the global demand for turmeric has increased only recently. A major reason for the beneficiary activities of turmeric is the pre

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… Curcumin was activated by the low-intensity light, and this increased the bioavailability and EPR effect when tested in colorectal cancer cell lines by a process called Metal-Enhanced Singlet Oxygen Generation (MEO) effect [ 83 ]. … Curcumin and silver nanoparticles carried out from polysaccharide-based hydrogels improved the photodynamic properties of curcumin through metal-enhanced singlet oxygen effect Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2020 112 110853 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110853 32409030 84. Mittal L. Camarillo I.G. Varadarajan G.S. …

Skin cancer: understanding the journey of transformation from conventional to advanced treatment approaches.

Skin cancer is a global threat to the healthcare system and is estimated to incline tremendously in the next 20 years, if not diagnosed at an early stage. Even though it is curable at an early stage, novel drug identification, clinical success, and drug resistance is another major challenge. To bridge the gap and bring effective treatment, it is important to understand the etiology of skin carcinoma, the mechanism of cell proliferation, factors affecting cell growth, and the mechanism of drug resistance. The current article focusses on understanding the structural diversity of skin cancers, tr

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… It is clear that none of these substances are harmful when taken alone, but when combined, they start a photochemical process that results in the production of singlet oxygen, a highly reactive substance, as well as a number of free radicals. … Through the production of both singlet oxygen and nitric oxide, this method improved tumor cell killing [ 185 ]. Clinical studies revealed that topical IMQ (a toll-like receptor agonist) and PDT (ISPI) together enhanced PDT's overall anti-melanoma effects [ 186 – 188 ]. …

Curcumin as a Multi-Target Bioactive Molecule: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Perspectives.

Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from the curcuma genus, has attracted considerable attention due to its simple chemical structure, favorable safety profile, and broad-spectrum pharmacological activities. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in curcumin research, with a specific focus on its therapeutic potential in cancer, inflammation, depression, and metabolic disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, and osteoporosis. It highlights curcumin's modulation of critical signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, JAK/STAT,

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… Its underlying mechanism involves cellular uptake of a photosensitizer followed by activation under light irradiation at a specific wavelength, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, which subsequently induce oxidative damage to target cells. … The highly conjugated π-electron system of curcumin allows it to transition from the ground state to the excited state under visible light excitation and mediate type I and II photodynamic reactions via energy or electron transfer, producing singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) and other reactive oxygen species …