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Respiratory Tract Infections: Sinusitis, Bronchitis, and Pneumonia

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… The virus itself is immunomodulatory in nature, and CMV has been associated with bacterial and fungal superinfections as well as lymphoproliferative disorders [ 105 , 106 ]. Fever and nonproductive cough are prominent but nonspecific features of viral respiratory tract infection. …

Role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common and most intensively studied chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Several cofactors, such as an impaired skin barrier function, modifications of the immune system, and a complex genetic background, direct the course of AD. Within this complex network, macrophages play a pivotal role in enhanced susceptibility to cutaneous infections and act as central connecting components in the pathogenesis of AD on the cellular level. In AD, macrophages are known to accumulate in acutely and chronically inflamed skin. During the early and short inflammatory ph

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… The latter observation is interesting because AD patients have increased colonization and superinfection with Staphylococcus aureus [ 88 ]. There is some evidence that angiogenesis is dysregulated in humans and experimental models of AD. …

Post-pandemic recommendations for the management of COVID-19 in patients with haematological malignancies or undergoing cellular therapy, from the European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-10).

In the post-pandemic years, SARS-CoV-2 morbidity and mortality declined due to less pathogenic variants, active and passive immunization, and antiviral therapies. However, patients with hematological malignancies and/or undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) remain at increased risk for poor outcomes. Therefore, adherence to contact and droplet precautions is essential to avoid transmission, especially during epidemic waves. Detection of viral RNA by nucleic acid testing of naso-oro-pharyngeal samples is the gold standard for diagnosis due to its high sensitivity and specificity.

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… Considering that patients with severe or critical COVID-19 are at risk of bacterial superinfections, like pneumococci, or pulmonary aspergillosis, the clinical vigilance and the active screening for secondary infections are advised to avoid patient’s underdiagnosis and undertreatment. …

COVID-19 in patients with hematologic malignancy.

The coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) shows a remarkable symptomatic heterogeneity. Several risk factors including advanced age, previous illnesses, and a compromised immune system contribute to an unfavorable outcome. In patients with hematologic malignancy, the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is significantly reduced explaining why the mortality rate of hematologic patients hospitalized for a SARS-CoV-2 infection is about 34%. Active immunization is an essential pillar to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients with hematologic malign

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… Long-term severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infectiousness among three immunocompromised patients: from prolonged viral shedding to SARS-CoV-2 superinfection . J Infect Dis. 2021 ; 223 ( 9 ): 1522 - 1527 . 33556961 10.1093/infdis/jiab075 PMC7928754 49. …

Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition-An emerging therapeutic strategy in immune-mediated dermatological conditions.

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a member of the Tec kinase family, is critically involved in a range of immunological pathways. The clinical application of BTK inhibitors for B-cell malignancies has proven successful, and there is strong rationale for the potential benefits of BTK inhibitors in some autoimmune and allergic conditions, including immune-mediated dermatological diseases. However, the established risk-to-benefit profile of "first-generation" BTK inhibitors cannot be extrapolated to these emerging, non-oncological, indications. "Next-generation" BTK inhibitors such as remibrutinib

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… the risk of infection. 80 Ibrutinib treatment is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, sinusitis, and infections of the upper respiratory and urinary tracts, as well as opportunistic skin infections including herpes simplex and herpes zoster virus reactivations, and Staphylococcus aureus superinfection …

Pneumonia in Transplant Recipients: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management.

Transplant recipients have an increased risk of complications, including graft dysfunction and infections, which can be life-threatening if not recognized early. Pneumonia ranks as one of the most frequent complications in both solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Clinical symptoms manifest late during infections in immunocompromised patients. An aggressive approach centered on early confirmatory diagnosis and a low threshold for empiric therapy is often the most effective strategy. The isolation of a pathogen in an upper airway sample does not necessarily mean the same organis

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… It can cause direct multi-system infections and may act as a co-pathogen or risk factor for bacterial and fungal superinfections. In lung transplant patients, CMV infection is often the risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. …

Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (rhu GM-CSF) as Adjuvant Therapy for Invasive Fungal Diseases.

BackgroundSargramostim (yeast-derived, glycosylated recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [rhu GM-CSF]) augments innate and adaptive immune responses and accelerates hematopoietic recovery of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. However, considerably less is known about its efficacy as adjunctive immunotherapy against invasive fungal diseases (IFDs).MethodsThe clinical courses of 15 patients with pediatric malignancies and IFDs treated adjunctively with sargramostim at a single institution were analyzed in a retrospective cohort review. Further, a systematic review of

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… Conversely, enhanced pulmonary expression of GM-CSF confers protection against postinfluenza tracheobronchial bacterial superinfection and P. jirovecii pneumonia [ 62 , 70 ]. …

Cancer, immune suppression and Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): Need to manage drug safety (French Society for Oncology Pharmacy [SFPO] guidelines).

The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting our health environment. As expected, studies highlighted the great susceptibility of cancer patients to COVID-19 and more severe complications, leading oncologists to deeply rethink patient cancer care. This review is dedicated to the optimization of care pathways and therapeutics in cancer patients during the pandemic and aims to discuss successive issues. First we focused on the international guidelines proposing adjustments and alternative options to cancer care in order to limit hospital admission and cytopenic treatment in cancer p

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… Cancer was shown to be the main factor in 30-day mortality on multivariate analysis (p < 0.001), ahead of age > 65 years (p = 0.026), bacterial superinfection (p = 0.031), and initial state of shock (p = 0.042) [10] . …

Primary Aggressive Oral Lymphomas (PAOL): A Narrative Review of Diagnosis, Molecular Features, Therapeutic Approaches, and the Integrated Role of Dentists and Hematologists.

Primary aggressive oral lymphomas (PAOL) are a rare subset of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas arising in the oral cavity without evidence of other systemic involvement at diagnosis. PAOL accounts for only about 2-3% of all lymphomas. They most commonly belong to aggressive B-cell subtypes such as Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), with occasional cases of Burkitt lymphoma and T-cell/NK-cell lymphomas. Clinically, these malignancies often present with non-specific symptoms (e.g., swelling, pain, ulceration, tooth mobility) that mimic benign dental condition

Community-acquired pneumonia

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… Following influenza, superinfection with pneumococcus, Staph. aureus (including MRSA) and H. influenzae should be considered. The onset of respiratory failure after a preceding viral illness should lead to suspicion of a viral pneumonia. …

Drug-Induced Periocular and Ocular Surface Disorders: An EAACI Position Paper.

Various systemic and topical medications can induce ocular and periocular cutaneous adverse effects (AEs), ranging from mild to severe. These AEs may lead to ocular surface (OS) damage and, in some cases, life-threatening complications. Drug-induced ocular adverse reactions are generally classified into two primary categories: toxic reactions and/or allergic hypersensitivity reactions, which can be IgE or non-IgE-mediated. Systemic antibiotics, antivirals, and anticonvulsants can trigger adverse reactions that may involve the OS. Drugs like antihistamines, beta-blockers, antipsychotics, antide

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… Other proposed mechanisms include superinfection with Demodex mites, OX40 ligand activation, and goblet cell depletion, suggesting similarities between DIOSD and DED [ 7 ]. Clinical Manifestations DIOSD closely resembles atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) with less severe corneal involvement. …

Oral and Maxillo-Facial Manifestations of Systemic Diseases: An Overview.

Many systemic (infective, genetic, autoimmune, neoplastic) diseases may involve the oral cavity and, more generally, the soft and hard tissues of the head and neck as primary or secondary localization. Primary onset in the oral cavity of both pediatric and adult diseases usually represents a true challenge for clinicians; their precocious detection is often difficult and requires a wide knowledge but surely results in the early diagnosis and therapy onset with an overall better prognosis and clinical outcomes. In the current paper, as for the topic of the current Special Issue, the authors pre

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… Early signs of disease are maxillary or mandibular sites (mainly post-extractive, but also perimplant site or associated to endodontic sequelae) with delayed healing and persistent mucosal incompetence, following by superinfection and bone sequestrum. ( Figure 15 a,b) [ 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 ], Lesions …

Livedoid vasculopathy: A multidisciplinary clinical approach to diagnosis and management.

Livedoid vasculopathy (LV) is a rare, chronic, and occlusive disease of the veins supplying the upper parts of the skin. The pathogenesis of the disease is not precisely understood, and its attacks are often unpredictable but tend to worsen during the summer. LV affects women more often. This increased risk for LV in women might be related to sex-specific physiological conditions, such as pregnancy, or a higher incidence of LV-associated conditions, such as connective tissue diseases, hypercoagulable states, and venous stasis in women. The typical clinical appearance of LV consists of three ma

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… Wound care should include maintaining a moist wound environment and controlling superinfection. Patients should be encouraged to stop smoking because of the negative effects of smoking on wound healing. Compression therapy is also helpful in patients with venous insufficiency. …

Influenza-Associated Cardiac Manifestations: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series.

Background: Influenza is primarily a respiratory illness, but it is increasingly linked to acute cardiovascular complications, including myocarditis and sudden cardiac death. Evidence on influenza-associated cardiac involvement remains fragmented and largely derived from case-based reports. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251249130). PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for eligible studies. Case reports and case series were included to characterize rare, severe, or atypical cardiac manifestations that are n

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… In other fatal cases, severe pulmonary pathology including hemorrhagic bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage, or bacterial superinfection appeared to be the dominant cause of death, highlighting the complex interplay between respiratory and cardiac failure. …

Primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors: 2020 updated guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (AGIHO/DGHO).

Hematologic and oncologic patients with chemo- or immunotherapy-related immunosuppression are at substantial risk for bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP). As bacterial resistances are increasing worldwide and new research reshapes our understanding of the interactions between the human host and bacterial commensals, administration of antibacterial prophylaxis has become a matter of discussion. This guideline constitutes an update of the 2013 published guideline of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology

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… A meta-analysis by Paul et al. showed no significant differences in all-cause mortality after addition of anti-gram-positive antibiotics, while bacterial superinfections due to gram-positive pathogens were less frequently detected [ 106 ]. …

Established and Emerging Concepts to Treat Imbalances of Iron Homeostasis in Inflammatory Diseases.

Inflammation, being a hallmark of many chronic diseases, including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic kidney disease, negatively affects iron homeostasis, leading to iron retention in macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Functional iron deficiency is the consequence, leading to anemia of inflammation (AI). Iron deficiency, regardless of anemia, has a detrimental impact on quality of life so that treatment is warranted. Therapeutic strategies include (1) resolution of the underlying disease, (2) iron supplementation, and (3) iron redistribution str

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… Host-mediated regulation of superinfection in malaria. Nat. Med. 2011;17:732–737. doi: 10.1038/nm.2368. 66. Stockman R. The Treatment of Chlorosis by Iron and some Other Drugs. Br. Med. J. 1893;1:942–944. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.1688.942. 67. Nairz M., Haschka D., Demetz E., Weiss G. …

Pulmonary and Hepatic Complications of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

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… The potential for polymicrobial superinfections is another concern in the transplant patient with CMV pulmonary disease, given the multiple issues often involved in patients with active CMV infections, including the concurrent use of systemic corticosteroids and prolonged empiric antibiotic usage. …

Evolving Therapeutic Strategies in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Current Standards and Emerging Targets for GPA and MPA.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) are severe autoimmune disorders characterized by necrotizing small-vessel inflammation, and are classified among anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV). Standard induction therapy combines glucocorticoids (GCs) with rituximab (RTX) or cyclophosphamide (CYC), with growing emphasis on GC minimization and selective use of avacopan in patients at high risk of GC toxicity. For maintenance therapy, fixed-interval RTX generally outperforms conventional oral agents and biomarker-guided re-dosin

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… Sinonasal granulomatous inflammation RTX re-induction or MTX/MMF for milder courses Endoscopic debridement, saline irrigations; culture-directed antibiotics if superinfection Reassess with nasal endoscopy; avoid overtreating stable damage/scarring without inflammatory activity. … Sinonasal granulomatous inflammation | RTX re-induction or MTX/MMF for milder courses | Endoscopic debridement, saline irrigations; culture-directed antibiotics if superinfection | Reassess with nasal endoscopy; avoid overtreating stable damage/scarring without inflammatory activity. …

Molecular Diversity of Lupane Hybrids in Drug Design and Materials Science.

The need for new, more effective drugs to treat cancer, infectious diseases, various parasitic infestations, and metabolic disorders requires innovative approaches to the design of promising molecules. One of these areas is the creation of hybrid structures. Lupane triterpenoids are of significant interest for such research due to their high abundance in natural sources and their renewable nature, their molecular architecture, presence of several easily modifiable functional groups, enantiomeric purity, broad spectrum of biological activity, and low toxicity. Active research into the biologica

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… Additionally, some carbapenem-resistant organisms have demonstrated resistance to colistin, which is recommended for the treatment of superinfections [ 116 , 117 ]. These developments underscore the necessity for effective solutions to antimicrobial resistance. …

Proceedings of Reanimation 2021, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress.

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… Untreated patients had more frequent bacterial superinfections. Septic shock occurred more frequently in patients who did not receive interferon β-1b (50% vs 10%, respectively; p = 0.04). … Conclusion: A short subcutaneous course of interferon β-1b in ICU patients managed with HFNC, reduced the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, the rate of bacterial superinfections and that of in-hospital mortality. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes in clinical research. …