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Prospects and Challenges of Lung Cancer Vaccines.

Lung cancer remains one of the most prevalent and lethal malignancies worldwide. Although conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have modestly improved patient survival, their overall efficacy remains limited, and the prognosis is generally poor. In recent years, immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has revolutionized cancer treatment. Nevertheless, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity, and immune escape mechanisms significantly restrict the clinical benefit, which falls short of expectations. Within this contex

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… The TIME study evaluated the efficacy of TG4010—a modified vaccinia virus-based vaccine targeting MUC1 and IL-2—in combination with chemotherapy versus placebo in first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. …

Future perspectives in melanoma research : Meeting report from the "Melanoma Bridge". Napoli, December 1st-4th 2015.

The sixth "Melanoma Bridge Meeting" took place in Naples, Italy, December 1st-4th, 2015. The four sessions at this meeting were focused on: (1) molecular and immune advances; (2) combination therapies; (3) news in immunotherapy; and 4) tumor microenvironment and biomarkers. Recent advances in tumor biology and immunology has led to the development of new targeted and immunotherapeutic agents that prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of cancer patients. Immunotherapies in particular have emerged as highly successful approaches to treat patients with cancer including

COVID-19 Therapeutic Options Under Investigation.

Since its emergence in China in December 2019, COVID-19 has quickly spread around the globe causing a pandemic. Vaccination or the development of herd immunity seems the only way to slow down the spread of the virus; however, both are not achievable in the near future. Therefore, effective treatments to mitigate the burden of this pandemic and reduce mortality rates are urgently needed. Preclinical and clinical studies of potential antiviral and immunomodulatory compounds and molecules to identify safe and efficacious therapeutics for COVID-19 are ongoing. Two compounds, remdesivir, and dexame

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… IL-6 is crucial for the host to mount an immune response against a wide range of viruses including influenza, vaccinia virus, Andes virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, etc. ( Angulo et al., 2017 ; Velazquez-Salinas et al., 2019 ). …

Malignant mesothelioma tumours: molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapies accompanying clinical studies.

The pathetic malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a extremely uncommon and confrontational tumor that evolves in the mesothelium layer of the pleural cavities (inner lining- visceral pleura and outer lining- parietal pleura), peritoneum, pericardium, and tunica vaginalis and is highly resistant to standard treatments. In mesothelioma, the predominant pattern of lesions is a loss of genes that limit tumour growth. Despite the worldwide ban on the manufacture and supply of asbestos, the prevalence of mesothelioma continues to increase. Mesothelioma presents and behaves in a variety of ways, making dia

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… There have been clinical studies on oncolytic viruses, comprising vaccinia virus, reovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), measles virus, adeno-associated virus (ADV), and others. Recombinant replication inadequate ADV has been the most commonly utilized viral vector in MPM. …

Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy.

Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These molecules, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, chemokines, and growth factors like TGF-β, VEGF, and EGF, can promote or inhibit tumor growth, influence the tumor microenvironment, and impact the efficacy of cancer treatments. Recent advances in targeting these pathways have shown promising therapeutic potential, offering new strategies to modulate the immune system, inhibit tumor progression, and o

A new era of cancer immunotherapy: vaccines and miRNAs.

Cancer immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape, introducing new strategies to fight various types of cancer. This review examines the important role of vaccines in cancer therapy, focusing on recent advancements such as dendritic cell vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and viral vector-based approaches. The relationship between cancer and the immune system highlights the importance of vaccines as therapeutic tools. The discussion covers tumor cell and dendritic cell vaccines, protein/peptide vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines (including DNA, RNA, or viral vector-based), with a focus on th

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… Viral vectors comprise derivatives of vaccinia virus from the orthopoxvirus genus and members of the avipoxvirus genus, including fowlpox and canarypox (ALVAC). …

Advancing CAR-NK cell therapy in solid tumors: Current landscape and future directions.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered natural killer (NK) cells have emerged as a promising modern immunotherapeutic strategy, offering advantages over CAR-T cell therapy due to their innate cytotoxicity, safety profile, and potential for scalable, off-the-shelf allogeneic manufacturing. CAR-NK cells can be generated from multiple sources, with recent clinical studies demonstrating notable efficacy and lack of severe toxicity in hematologic malignancies. Nevertheless, the translation of this success to solid tumors is hampered by limited NK cell persistence, trafficking and infiltration c

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Fluorinated Drugs Approved by the FDA (2016-2022).

Fluorine is characterized by high electronegativity and small atomic size, which provide this molecule with the unique property of augmenting the potency, selectivity, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics of drugs. Fluorine (F) substitution has been extensively explored in drug research as a means of improving biological activity and enhancing chemical or metabolic stability. Selective F substitution onto a therapeutic or diagnostic drug candidate can enhance several pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties such as metabolic stability and membrane permeation. The increased binding a

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… In Europe, after receiving a smallpox vaccination, it is also recommended to treat issues brought on by the replication of the vaccinia virus. Tecovirimat is also used in Europe to treat adult and pediatric cases of cowpox and monkeypox. …

Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy: Options and Strategies.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world with increasing incidence and mortality rates globally. Standard treatments for colorectal cancer have always been surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy which may be used in combination to treat patients. However, these treatments have many side effects due to their non-specificity and cytotoxicity toward any cells including normal cells that are growing and dividing. Furthermore, many patients succumb to relapse even after a series of treatments. Thus, it is crucial to have more alternative and effective treatments to treat CRC p

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… Diversified prime and boost protocols using recombinant vaccinia virus and recombinant non-replicating avian pox virus to enhance T-cell immunity and antitumor responses. Vaccine. ( 1997 ) 15 : 759 – 68 . 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00238-1 9178479 192. …

Структурная основа регламентации стенограмм с помощью нарождающегося элемента РНК, HK022 potRNA.

Переписка, в которой RNA полимеразы (RNAPs) производят RNA из ДНК, является первым шагом в генной экспрессии. Таким образом, она сильно регулируется либо трансэлементами, такими как белковые факторы, и/или резьбами, как конкретные последовательности на ДНК. В лямбдоидной фаге HK022 содержится резьбовое пятно, которое подавляет падение и прекращение во время транскрипции ранних фаговых генов. Протокол PotRNA осуществляет исключительно деятельность по борьбе с растлением/прекращением путем прямого взаимодействия с комплексом удлинения RNA E.coli (EC) с помощью неизвестного структурного механизма

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… Regulation of viral transcription elongation and termination during vaccinia virus infection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Gene Struct. Expr. 2002;1577:325–336. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00461-X. 3. Das A. Control of transcription termination by RNA-binding proteins. Annu. Rev. …

Cancer immunotherapies: A hope for the uncurable?

The use of cancer immunotherapies is not novel but has been used over the decades in the clinic. Only recently have we found the true potential of stimulating an anti-tumor response after the breakthrough of checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer immunotherapies have become the first line treatment for many malignancies at various stages. Nevertheless, the clinical results in terms of overall survival and progression free survival were not as anticipated. Majority of cancer patients do not respond to immunotherapies and the reasons differ. Hence, further improvements for cancer immunotherapies are cruc

Research progress in inducing immunogenic cell death of tumor cells.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a regulated cell death (RCD) pathway. In response to physical and chemical signals, tumor cells activate specific signaling pathways that stimulate stress responses in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and expose damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which promote antitumor immune responses. As a result, the tumor microenvironment is altered, and many tumor cells are killed. The ICD response in tumor cells requires inducers. These inducers can be from different sources and contribute to the development of the ICD either indirectly or directly. The combinati

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… Oncolytic viruses with anticancer activity have been identified, including wild-type adenovirus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), vaccinia virus, and oncolytic Newcastle disease virus, which release immunostimulatory molecules during cell lysis, thereby enhancing the immune response. …

HDAC3: A Multifaceted Modulator in Immunotherapy Sensitization.

Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has emerged as a critical epigenetic regulator in tumor progression and immune modulation, positioning it as a promising target for enhancing cancer immunotherapy. This work comprehensively explores HDAC3's multifaceted roles, focusing on its regulation of key immune-modulatory pathways such as cGAS-STING, ferroptosis, and the Nrf2/HO-1 axis. These pathways are central to tumor immune evasion, antigen presentation, and immune cell activation. Additionally, the distinct effects of HDAC3 on various immune cell types-including its role in enhancing T cell activation,

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed solid-organ cancer amongst males worldwide. Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a rapidly fatal end-sequelae of prostate cancer. Therapeutic options for men with mCRPC are limited and are not curative in nature. The recent development of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has revolutionised the treatment of treatment-resistant haematological malignancies, and several studies are underway investigating the utility of this technology in the treatment of solid tumours. In this review, we evaluate the current treatme

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… Arredouani et al. induced PSA-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes after the immunization of humanised and castrated hybrid mice with a PSA-expressing recombinant vaccinia virus [ 59 ]. …

Advances in Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy: Car-T Cell, Checkpoint Inhibitors, Dendritic Cell Vaccines, and Oncolytic Viruses, and Emerging Cellular and Molecular Targets.

Unlike traditional cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy that are typically non-specific, cancer immunotherapy harnesses the high specificity of a patient's own immune system to selectively kill cancer cells. The immune system is the body's main cancer surveillance system, but cancers may evade destruction thanks to various immune-suppressing mechanisms. We therefore need to deploy various immunotherapy-based strategies to help bolster the anti-tumour immune responses. These include engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to specifically recogni

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… Interestingly, the ability of initiating anti-tumour immune responses differs in OVs, one study on murine models demonstrating that adenovirus based OVs would be better at enabling T cell anti-tumour activity than vaccinia virus, HSV and reovirus based OVs [ 181 ]. …

Waldenström macroglobulinemia: clinical and immunological aspects, natural history, cell of origin, and emerging mouse models.

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare and currently incurable neoplasm of IgM-expressing B-lymphocytes that is characterized by the occurrence of a monoclonal IgM (mIgM) paraprotein in blood serum and the infiltration of the hematopoietic bone marrow with malignant lymphoplasmacytic cells. The symptoms of patients with WM can be attributed to the extent and tissue sites of tumor cell infiltration and the magnitude and immunological specificity of the paraprotein. WM presents fascinating clues on neoplastic B-cell development, including the recent discovery of a specific gain-of-function

AllergoOncology - the impact of allergy in oncology: EAACI position paper.

Th2 immunity and allergic immune surveillance play critical roles in host responses to pathogens, parasites and allergens. Numerous studies have reported significant links between Th2 responses and cancer, including insights into the functions of IgE antibodies and associated effector cells in both antitumour immune surveillance and therapy. The interdisciplinary field of AllergoOncology was given Task Force status by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in 2014. Affiliated expert groups focus on the interface between allergic responses and cancer, applied to immune surveill

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… A cellular vaccine based on tumour cells infected with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and loaded with IgE conferred protection in mice upon tumour challenge, slower tumour growth and increased survival 85 . …

Therapeutic Advances in Oncology.

Around 77 new oncology drugs were approved by the FDA in the past five years; however, most cancers remain untreated. Small molecules and antibodies are dominant therapeutic modalities in oncology. Antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, peptides, cell, and gene-therapies are emerging to address the unmet patient need. Advancement in the discovery and development platforms, identification of novel targets, and emergence of new technologies have greatly expanded the treatment options for patients. Here, we provide an overview of various therapeutic modalities and the current treatment

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… Other oncolytic virus that have entered clinical trials include engineered adenovirus, vaccinia virus, herpesvirus, reovirus, Seneca valley virus, and coxsackievirus [ 17 , 18 ]. …

Immune evasion in cancer: mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches.

Immune evasion represents a significant challenge in oncology. It allows tumors to evade immune surveillance and destruction, thereby complicating therapeutic interventions and contributing to suboptimal patient outcomes. This review addresses the critical need to understand how cancers evade immune surveillance. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of strategies of tumors to escape immune detection by examining tumor-induced immune suppression, immune checkpoint regulation, and genetic and epigenetic influences. Moreover, it explores the dynamic role of the tumor microenvironment (TME)

Revitalizing T cells: breakthroughs and challenges in overcoming T cell exhaustion.

T cell exhaustion is a prevalent phenomenon in chronic infections and tumor microenvironments, severely compromising the effectiveness of antitumor and antiviral immunity. In recent years, there has been significant progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms of T cell exhaustion, including external factors and intrinsic cellular changes that drive this dysfunctional state. Key external factors such as persistent antigen exposure, immune checkpoint signaling, and the cytokine milieu, as well as intrinsic changes such as altered metabolic processes, epigenetic modifications, and transcr