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Cancer cachexia: mechanisms and clinical implications.

Cachexia is a multifactorial process of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue atrophy resulting in progressive weight loss. It is associated with poor quality of life, poor physical function, and poor prognosis in cancer patients. It involves multiple pathways: procachectic and proinflammatory signals from tumour cells, systemic inflammation in the host, and widespread metabolic changes (increased resting energy expenditure and alterations in metabolism of protein, fat, and carbohydrate). Whether it is primarily driven by the tumour or as a result of the host response to the tumour has yet to be

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… Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is produced by neurons (which also produce neuropeptide Y) and counteracts the action of MC4R-stimulating proteins promoting appetite [ 82 ]. … responses to peripheral interleukin-1 β administration Neuropharmacology 2008 54 3 509 520 18082228 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.10.014 PMC2323450 85 Kamegai J Tamura H Shimizu T Ish S II Sugihara H Wakabayashi I Chronic central infusion of ghrelin increases hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related …

Val103Ile polymorphism of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) in cancer cachexia.

BackgroundAt present pathogenic mechanisms of cancer cachexia are poorly understood. Previous evidence in animal models implicates the melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) in the development of cancer cachexia. In humans, MC4R mutations that lead to an impaired receptor function are associated with obesity; in contrast, the most frequent polymorphism (Val103Ile, rs2229616; heterozygote frequency approximately 2%) was shown to be negatively associated with obesity. We tested if cancer patients that are homo-/heterozygous for the Val103Ile polymorphism are more likely to develop cachexia and/or a

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… A series of experiments demonstrated that cancer cachexia is ameliorated by central MC4R blockade in MC4R knock out mice or by peripheral administration of an antagonist (e.g. agouti-related protein – AGRP) in rats, mice and sheep [ 9 - 13 ]. … Lond) 2007 31 1437 41 17356525 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803609 PMC2683751 Xiang Z Litherland SA Sorensen NB Proneth B Wood MS Shaw AM Millard WJ Haskell-Luevano C Pharmacological Characterization of 40 Human Melanocortin-4 Receptor Polymorphisms with the Endogenous Proopiomelanocortin-Derived Agonists and the Agouti-Related …

Ксантин Оксидореводаза: Меч с двойным отростком в неврологических заболеваниях.

Неинфекционные неврологические расстройства являются второй основной причиной смерти, и их бремя продолжает расти по мере роста и старения населения мира. Окисляющий стресс и воспаление во многом связаны с активацией и развитием множественных склерозов, болезни Альцгеймера, амиотропического бокового склероза, болезни Хантингтона, болезни Паркинсона и даже инсульта. В ходе этого обзора мы изучаем роль деятельности и продуктов " xanthine oxidoreducase " (XOR) во всех вышеупомянутых неврологических заболеваниях. Редоксальный дисбаланс, вызывающий окислительный стресс, может возникнуть и

Minocycline ameliorates CNS autoimmunity through restraint of CD4+CD11bc+ cells.

Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with profound anti-inflammatory activity directed primarily against microglial cells and macrophages. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is considered as an important target of minocycline. This drug has been considered a promising therapeutic for multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Still, its effect on CNS autoimmunity is not entirely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the potency of short-term minocycline administration in fully developed CNS inflammation. To t

New insight into adiponectin role in obesity and obesity-related diseases.

Obesity is a major health problem strongly increasing the risk for various severe related complications such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, diabetic retinopathy, and cancer. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that produces biologically active molecules defined "adipocytokines," protein hormones with pleiotropic functions involved in the regulation of energy metabolism as well as in appetite, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, atherosclerosis, cell proliferation, and so forth. In obesity, fat accumulation causes dysregulation of adipokine production tha

Биоразлагаемый электроспун PLGA Nanofibers-Encapsolated Trichinella Sphiralis Antigens защищает от повторного использования экспериментального аутоиммунного энцефаломилита и связанного с ним микробиота дисбиоз.

ЦЕЛЬ: " Тричинелла спиралис " создала сложные механизмы иммуномодуляции при посредничестве экскременто-секретарских продуктов (ESL1), которые позволяют ей выжить в принимающей стране. Следовательно, антигены ESL1 обладают прекрасным потенциалом для лечения аутоиммунных заболеваний, таких, как множественный склероз (MS). Однако вопрос о том, могут ли своевременные контролируемые поставки антигенов ESL1 в vivo, как и в случае естественных инфекций, повысить его терапевтический потенциал в отношении MS, до сих пор неизвестен.Для этого мы ввели антигены ESL1 в полихлорированные (лактидно

Гипоксичная нейроинфламмация в патогенезе множественного склероза.

Множественный склероз (MS) — аутоиммунная болезнь, которая повреждает миелиновую оболочку вокруг аксонов центральной нервной системы, что приводит к неврологической дисфункции. Хотя первоначальное повреждение вызвано воспалением, гипоксия была зарегистрирована в нескольких районах мозга пациентов MS, однако значение этого для прогнозирования и лечения остается неясным. Нейроинфламмация может вызывать гипоксию, а гипоксия может вызывать и усугублять нейроинфламму, образуя порочный круг. Повреждения MS часто сопровождаются обезвоживанием, которое может восстановить неврологическую функцию. Однак

Obesity in achondroplasia patients: from evidence to medical monitoring.

Achondroplasia is a rare genetic disease representing the most common form of short-limb dwarfism. It is characterized by bone growth abnormalities that are well characterized and by a strong predisposition to abdominal obesity for which causes are unknown. Despite having aroused interest at the end of the 20 h century, there are still only very little data available on this aspect of the pathology. Today, interest is rising again, and some studies are now proposing mechanistic hypotheses and guidance for patient management. These data confirm that obesity is a major health problem in achondro

Cancer cachexia--pathophysiology and management.

About half of all cancer patients show a syndrome of cachexia, characterized by anorexia and loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle mass. Cachexia can have a profound impact on quality of life, symptom burden, and a patient's sense of dignity. It is a very serious complication, as weight loss during cancer treatment is associated with more chemotherapy-related side effects, fewer completed cycles of chemotherapy, and decreased survival rates. Numerous cytokines have been postulated to play a role in the etiology of cancer cachexia. Cytokines can elicit effects that mimic leptin signaling a

Herbal Medicine Ninjin'yoeito in the Treatment of Sarcopenia and Frailty.

Frailty and sarcopenia have recently gained considerable attention in terms of preventive care in Japan, which has an ever-increasing aging population. Sarcopenia is defined as atrophy of skeletal muscles caused by the age-related decrease in growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor and sex hormones. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare reports that frailty can lead to impairment of both mental and physical functioning. Chronic diseases such as diabetes and dementia may underlie frailty. It is important to prevent progression of frailty and extend the healthy lifespan. In herbal

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in XMN1-HBG2, HBS1L-MYB, and BCL11A and Their Relation to High Fetal Hemoglobin Levels That Alleviate Anemia.

Anemia is a condition in which red blood cells and/or hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations are decreased below the normal range, resulting in a lack of oxygen being transported to tissues and organs. Those afflicted with this condition may feel lethargic and weak, which reduces their quality of life. The condition may be manifested in inherited blood disorders, such as thalassemia and sickle cell disease, whereas acquired disorders include aplastic anemia, chronic disease, drug toxicity, pregnancy, and nutritional deficiency. The augmentation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) results in the reduction in cli

Регулирование глюкозы как движущая сила аутоиммунной мимикрии, воспаления и психиатрических Симптомов: обзор наизусть.

Происхождение глицемии влияет на широкий спектр психических и физиологических симптомов. Многие психические заболевания связаны с плохим регулированием глюкозы. Антиядерные антитела (АНА), широко используемые для выявления аутоиммунных заболеваний, могут иногда отражать переходную метаболическую активацию иммунной системы, а не хроническую патологию. Имеющиеся данные свидетельствуют о том, что регулирование глюкозы, включая глицемическую изменчивость, реактивную гипогликемию и постприндиальные шипы, может вызвать системное воспаление, нейропсихиатрические симптомы и временное производство авто

Oral Mucositis Induced By Anticancer Therapies.

Oral mucositis induced by conventional cytotoxic cancer therapies is a common and significant clinical problem in oncology. Mucositis symptoms, which include severe pain, may lead to dose reductions and unplanned interruptions of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and often affect patients' quality of life. In addition, ulcerative mucositis represents a risk factor for local or systemic infectious complications that may be life-threatening in immunosuppressed patients. The development of biologically based targeted cancer therapies, which aim to block the growth, spread, and survival of tumors

Targeted Drug Delivery in Periorbital Non-Melanocytic Skin Malignancies.

Targeted drug delivery has emerged as a transformative approach in the treatment of periorbital skin malignancies, offering the potential for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects compared to traditional therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of targeted therapies in the context of periorbital malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. It explores the mechanisms of action for various targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and immunotherapies, and their

The Global Obesity Epidemic: Epidemiology, Health Burden and Policy Priorities.

The global prevalence of obesity has more than tripled since 1975, now affecting nearly one billion adults and over 170 million children and adolescents. In 2025, The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission on Clinical Obesity redefined obesity as a chronic, multisystem disease characterised by excess adiposity leading to organ dysfunction, distinguishing between preclinical obesity (excess adiposity without end-organ injury) and clinical obesity (manifest metabolic or structural complications). This framework moves beyond reliance on BMI, acknowledging that ectopic fat deposition in the li

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… AgRP = Agouti-related protein; CCK = cholecystokinin; GIP = glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP = glucagon-like peptide; NPY = neuropeptide Y; POMC = pro-opiomelanocortin; PVN = paraventricular nucleus; PYY = peptide YY; RYGB = Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; SFA = saturated fatty acids. …

Neurobiology of Cancer: Introduction of New Drugs in the Treatment and Prevention of Cancer.

Research on the neurobiology of cancer, which lies at the border of neuroscience and oncology, has elucidated the mechanisms and pathways that enable the nervous system to modulate processes associated with cancer initiation and progression. This research has also shown that several drugs which modulate interactions between the nervous system and the tumor micro- and macroenvironments significantly reduced the progression of cancer in animal models. Encouraging results were also provided by prospective clinical trials investigating the effect of drugs that reduce adrenergic signaling on the co

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… In addition, drugs interfering with brain signaling mediated by neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y or agouti-related protein might restore the functions of the neuronal circuits regulating energy balance [ 148 ]. 4.1. …

Spontaneous genomic alterations in a chimeric model of colorectal cancer enable metastasis and guide effective combinatorial therapy.

Colon cancer is the second most common cause of cancer mortality in the Western world with metastasis commonly present at the time of diagnosis. Screening for propagation and metastatic behavior in a novel chimeric-mouse colon cancer model, driven by mutant p53 and β-Catenin, led to the identification of a unique, invasive adenocarcinoma. Comparison of the genome of this tumor, CB42, with genomes from non-propagating tumors by array CGH and sequencing revealed an amplicon on chromosome five containing CDK6 and CDK14, and a KRAS mutation, respectively. Single agent small molecule inhibition of

Protective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cancer-Related Complications.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered immunonutrients and are commonly used in the nutritional therapy of cancer patients due to their ample biological effects. Omega-3 PUFAs play essential roles in cell signaling and in the cell structure and fluidity of membranes. They participate in the resolution of inflammation and have anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. Additionally, they can act as agonists of G protein-coupled receptors, namely, GPR40/FFA1 and GPR120/FFA4. Cancer patients undergo complications, such as anorexia-cachexia syndrome, pain, depression, and p

Abstracts of the 5(th) Cachexia Conference, Barcelona, Spain, December 5-8, 2009.

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Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Male Obesity.

The prevalence of obesity, a disorder linked to numerous comorbidities and metabolic complications, has recently increased dramatically worldwide and is highly prevalent in men, even at a young age. Compared to female patients, men with obesity more frequently have delayed diagnosis, higher severity of obesity, increased mortality rate, and only a minority of obese male patients are successfully treated, including with bariatric surgery. The aim of this review was to present the current state of knowledge about the clinical and therapeutic implications of obesity diagnosed in males.

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… This mechanism is based on the stimulation of transcriptional neurons regulated by POMC and CART (cocaine and amphetamine related peptide), which suppress appetite and indirectly inhibit the protein neurons associated with the NPY (neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (agouti-related protein), neuropeptides responsible …