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IgA Nephropathy: Current Treatment and New Insights.

IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Despite the histopathologic hallmark of mesangial IgA deposition, IgAN is a heterogenous autoimmune disease not only in terms of clinical presentation but also in long-term disease progression. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and includes the generation of circulating IgA immune complexes with chemical and biological characteristics that favor mesangial deposition and reaction to mesangial under-glycosylated IgA1 accumulation, which leads to tissue injury with glomerulosclerosis and interstitial

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… The PROTECT trial ( NCT03762850 ) is a phase ΙΙΙ, multicenter, international, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active-controlled study, which compares the safety and efficacy of sparsentan vs. irbesartan in adults with biopsy-proven IgAN. …

Transferrin-Bound Doxorubicin Enhances Apoptosis and DNA Damage through the Generation of Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Leukemia Cells.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antineoplastic drug against many solid tumors and hematological malignancies. However, the clinical use of DOX is limited, because of its unspecific mode of action. Since leukemia cells overexpress transferrin (Tf) receptors on their surface, we proposed doxorubicin-transferrin (DOX-Tf) conjugate as a new vehicle to increase drug concentration directly in cancer cells. The data obtained after experiments performed on K562 and CCRF-CEM human leukemia cell lines clearly indicate severe cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of the conjugate drug. On the other hand,

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… Targeting the proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, apoptosis and TGF-β1/STAT-3 signaling by irbesartan to ameliorate doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity J. Infect. Chemother. 2018 24 623 631 10.1016/j.jiac.2018.03.010 29753615 11. Sala V. Della Sala A. Hirsch E. Ghigo A. …

HDAC Inhibitors: Therapeutic Potential in Fibrosis-Associated Human Diseases.

Fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix and develops because of fibroblast differentiation during the process of inflammation. Various cytokines stimulate resident fibroblasts, which differentiate into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts actively synthesize an excessive amount of extracellular matrix, which indicates pathologic fibrosis. Although initial fibrosis is a physiologic response, the accumulated fibrous material causes failure of normal organ function. Cardiac fibrosis interferes with proper diastole, whereas pulmonary fibrosis results in chronic hypo

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… Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction N. Engl. J. Med. 2008 359 2456 2467 10.1056/NEJMoa0805450 19001508 72. Pitt B. Pfeffer M.A. Assmann S.F. Boineau R. Anand I.S. Claggett B. Clausell N. Desai A.S. Diaz R. Fleg J.L. …

Heart Failure in Older Patients: An Update.

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome with high incidence and prevalence and high morbidity and death rate, even in the short term, representing a serious public health issue, mainly in older people. It is a growing cause for hospital admission in this age group, being frequently associated with several comorbidities, further aggravating the disease's course. Moreover, older HF patients are usually affected by clinical conditions, like frailty, malnutrition, and cachexia, which significantly impact the overall management of HF and need to be properly identified and treated. Diagnosing and

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… In the I-PRESERVED trial (average age of participants 72 years), irbesartan (compared to placebo) did not improve the primary composite outcome (i.e., all-cause mortality or hospitalization for cardiovascular causes such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, arrhythmia, or stroke) … Irbesartan in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction N. Engl. J. Med. 2008 359 2456 2467 10.1056/NEJMoa0805450 19001508 77. Cleland J.G.F. Tendera M. Adamus J. Freemantle N. Polonski L. Taylor J. …

Selected abstracts from the XXXVIII National Congress of the Italian Society of Hypertension (SIIA)

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Многоцелевые лекарственные препараты: новые 2025 и послерыночного контроля за безопасностью наркотиков, 2022-2024.

Полифармакология предназначена для развития соединений, действующих по крайней мере на two целевые показатели (многоцелевые лиганды, МТДЛ). В 2025, Европейское агентство по медицине (ЕМА), 38 наркотиков, и 11 из них были MTDL. Большинство из них - антитела-наркотики, биконкретные антитела или ингибиторы киназы, все из которых указаны для лечения опухолей, включая датопотамаб дерукстекан (гормон-позитивный рецептор, HER2-negative Рак молочной железы), тизотумаб ведотин (сокращенная шейная карцинома), линвосельтамб (четвёртая линия лечения множественной миеломы) и эрдафитиниб (сокращенная уротел

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… dizziness, fatigue, diarrhea, blurred vision yes, shorter half-life, improved safety vs other S1P modulators lymphocyte and liver monitoring [ 150 – 152 ] Sparsentan (Filspari ® ) small molecule primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy 3 studies (including 1 FAERS- & VigiBase 5 -based & 2 FAERS-based) yes (irbesartan … fatigue, diarrhea, blurred vision | yes, shorter half-life, improved safety vs other S1P modulators | lymphocyte and liver monitoring | [ 150 – 152 ] Sparsentan (Filspari ® ) small molecule | primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy | 3 studies (including 1 FAERS- & VigiBase 5 -based & 2 FAERS-based) | yes (irbesartan …

Chronic pruritus: a narrative review.

Chronic pruritus encompasses a manifestation of several cutaneous, allergic, infectious, neurological, psychological, and systemic conditions, whose etiological investigation and therapeutic strategy can be challenging. This comprehensive review aims to enhance the understanding of pruritus by highlighting important elements in its pathogenesis, including keratinocytes, Merkel cells and mast cells, nerve fibers, histaminergic and nonhistaminergic pathways, and the interaction of itch signals with the central nervous system. Diagnostic evaluation of chronic pruritus may require a meticulous app

Repurposing drugs for highly prevalent diseases: pentoxifylline, an old drug and a new opportunity for diabetic kidney disease.

Diabetic kidney disease is one of the most frequent complications in patients with diabetes and constitutes a major cause of end-stage kidney disease. The prevalence of diabetic kidney disease continues to increase as a result of the growing epidemic of diabetes and obesity. Therefore, there is mounting urgency to design and optimize novel strategies and drugs that delay the progression of this pathology and contain this trend. The new approaches should go beyond the current therapy focussed on the control of traditional risk factors such as hyperglycaemia and hypertension. In this scenario, d

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… With the exception of SGLT2i and finerenone, there have been no new therapies for the treatment of nephropathy in type 2 DM since the approval of irbesartan and losartan by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ˃ 15 years ago. …

The prince and the pauper. A tale of anticancer targeted agents.

Cancer rates are set to increase at an alarming rate, from 10 million new cases globally in 2000 to 15 million in 2020. Regarding the pharmacological treatment of cancer, we currently are in the interphase of two treatment eras. The so-called pregenomic therapy which names the traditional cancer drugs, mainly cytotoxic drug types, and post-genomic era-type drugs referring to rationally-based designed. Although there are successful examples of this newer drug discovery approach, most target-specific agents only provide small gains in symptom control and/or survival, whereas others have consiste

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… Similarly, there are a number of orally available angiotensin II receptor blockers such as candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan , and valsartan . These agents may be safely begun in persons < 60 years of age with initial serum creatinine of ≤ 3 mg/dL. … Some angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers, such as telmisartan, candesartan, irbesartan, and losartan, are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma pathway agonists; hence, this pathway may also explain some antitumor effects of these agents [ 110 ]. …

Polypharmacology: new drugs in 2023-2024.

Polypharmacology is an emerging approach to drug design and development that involves the use of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs), agents capable of interacting with multiple biological targets simultaneously. The effective treatment of chronic and multifactorial conditions, driven by the dysregulation of multiple interconnected pathways, such as cancer, autoimmune and metabolic disorders, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, is one of the most substantial challenges in contemporary pharmacology. 'Traditional' single-target-based treatment frequently shows limited effectiveness,

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… Sparsentan molecule consists of structural elements of the AT 1 antagonist irbesartan (red colour) merged with a biphenylsulfonamide moiety, which acts as an ET A receptor antagonist (blue box, broken line) [ 120 – 121 ] New multi-target drugs in 2023–2024– description Ten of the 18 multi-target drugs …

Genetic factors and management strategies in aortic health: a literature review of inherited aortopathy.

Inherited aortopathies, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Loeys-Dietz syndrome, are genetic disorders characterized by structural abnormalities of the aorta that predispose individuals to life-threatening complications like aneurysms and dissections. These conditions result from mutations in genes essential for maintaining aortic wall integrity, such as FBN1, TGFBR1, and COL3A1, affecting extracellular matrix components and the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway. Marfan syndrome has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 5000, while Loeys-Dietz syndrome and vascul

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… However, more recent studies have investigated the efficacy of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), such as losartan and irbesartan, which lower blood pressure and inhibit TGF-β signaling. …

Vitamin D: A Bridge between Kidney and Heart.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are highly prevalent conditions, each significantly contributing to the global burden of morbidity and mortality. CVD and CKD share a great number of common risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking, among others. Their relationship extends beyond these factors, encompassing intricate interplay between the two systems. Within this complex network of pathophysiological processes, vitamin D has emerged as a potential linchpin, exerting influence over diverse physiological pathways implicated in both CKD and CV

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… Renoprotective Effect of the Angiotensin-Receptor Antagonist Irbesartan in Patients with Nephropathy Due to Type 2 Diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001;345:851–860. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011303. 86. Makani H., Bangalore S., Desouza K.A., Shah A., Messerli F.H. …

Natural and semisynthetic candidate molecules for COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) represent a family of viruses that have numerous animal hosts, and they cause severe respiratory, as well as systemic and enteric infections, in humans. Currently, there are limited antiviral strategies for treating patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lack of specific antiviral medicines and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines continues to aggravate the situation. Natural product-based antiviral drugs have been used in the two previous CoV outbreaks: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the first SARS-CoV. This re

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… AT1 receptor blockers (“sartans”, such as valsartan, irbesartan, losartan, candesartan, telmisartan, and eprosartan) have been widely applied since the 1990s to control high blood pressure. …

The effects of twenty-four nutrients and phytonutrients on immune system function and inflammation: A narrative review.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Recently, optimal immune function has become a primary focus of worldwide attention not only in the prevention of chronic disease but also as one strategy to reduce the severity of acute illness. Inflammation, a process largely controlled by the immune system, has long been studied and recognized for its role in chronic disease. Optimizing immune function or managing inflammation using individual nutrients and phytonutrients is not well understood by the average person. Thus, this narrative literature review summarizes many of the more recent findings about how certain nutr

Evolving Therapeutic Strategies in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Current Standards and Emerging Targets for GPA and MPA.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) are severe autoimmune disorders characterized by necrotizing small-vessel inflammation, and are classified among anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV). Standard induction therapy combines glucocorticoids (GCs) with rituximab (RTX) or cyclophosphamide (CYC), with growing emphasis on GC minimization and selective use of avacopan in patients at high risk of GC toxicity. For maintenance therapy, fixed-interval RTX generally outperforms conventional oral agents and biomarker-guided re-dosin

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… blockade Oral Single-centre, randomized, double-blind, active control, parallel-group study, phase 2 32 Change in ACh-mediated forearm blood flow vasodilatation (from baseline to week 6) Active, not recruiting 6 weeks 2027-09-01 Improvement of endothelial function in patients in remission (sparsentan vs. irbesartan … Single-centre, randomized, double-blind, active control, parallel-group study, phase 2 | 32 | Change in ACh-mediated forearm blood flow vasodilatation (from baseline to week 6) | Active, not recruiting | 6 weeks | 2027-09-01 | Improvement of endothelial function in patients in remission (sparsentan vs. irbesartan …

References

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… Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851–860. 486. Erdmann E, Lechat P, Verkenne P et al. …

CSI position statement on management of heart failure in India.

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Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2022.

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The 46th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians Poster Session (P001-P706).

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Abstracts from the 37th Annual Meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine, 2014, San Diego, CA, USA.

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