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Critical Role of SREBP-1c Large-VLDL Pathway in Environment-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia of Apo AV Deficiency.

Objective- APOA5 variants are strongly associated with hypertriglyceridemia, as well as increased risks of cardiovascular disease and acute pancreatitis. Hypertriglyceridemia in apo AV dysfunction often aggravates by environmental factors such as high-carbohydrate diets or aging. To date, the molecular mechanisms by which these environmental factors induce hypertriglyceridemia are poorly defined, leaving the high-risk hypertriglyceridemia condition undertreated. Previously, we reported that LXR (liver X receptor)-SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein)-1c pathway regulates large-VLDL

[Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis of pleural effusion].

Pleural effusion(PE) is a common medical problem with various causes. The differential diagnosis for PE is often challenging. This consensus … y pathological results to indentify uncommon causes.(2) It is recommended to detect the presence of chylomicrons or cholesterol crystals, with testing of the levels of triglyceride and cholesterol in PE for clinical suspicion of chylothorax or pseudochylothorax. (3) PE may be the result of a combination of various causes, and it is recommended to screen factor …

Noncholesterol sterols.

Although most of us are more or less familiar with the term "cholesterol", the world of sterols is far more complicated and interesting. Apart from cholesterol, many non-cholesterol sterols can be found in human plasma and these sterols serve many important functions in human organism. They are either derived from endogenous biosynthesis of cholesterol or they come from dietary sources (phytosterols). The sole cholesterol molecule is used for keeping our cell membranes fit, for signalization purposes as well as a precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones. The compounds prior to cholesterol

Mutation of conserved cysteines in the Ly6 domain of GPIHBP1 in familial chylomicronemia.

We investigated a family from northern Sweden in which three of four siblings have congenital chylomicronemia. LPL activity and mass in pre- and postheparin plasma were low, and LPL release into plasma after heparin injection was delayed. LPL activity and mass in adipose tissue biopsies appeared normal. [(35)S]Methionine incorporation studies on adipose tissue showed that newly synthesized LPL was normal in size and normally glycosylated. Breast milk from the affected female subjects contained normal to elevated LPL mass and activity levels. The milk had a lower than normal milk lipid content,

Nutritional management in head and neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines.

Nutritional support and intervention is an integral component of head and neck cancer management. Patients can be malnourished at presentati … gectomy. (R) • Chyle Leak: ○ Confirm chyle leak by analysis of drainage fluid for triglycerides and chylomicrons. (R) ○ Commence nutritional intervention with fat free or medium chain triglyceride nutritional supplements either orally or via a feeding tube. (R) ○ Consider parenteral nutrition in severe cases when drainage volume is consistently high. (G) • Wee …

The Hypoxia-Retinoid Axis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Multifaceted Etiology and Therapeutic Potential.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and lethal lung disease with limited therapeutic options. This review focuses on the role of retinoids, particularly all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), and hypoxia in the pathogenesis of IPF. Despite an established understanding of genetic and environmental factors in IPF, the interplay between retinoid signaling and the response to hypoxia remains poorly explored due to its complexity. Preclinical evidence suggests that atRA could help reduce pulmonary fibrosis by modulating TGF-β signaling pathways and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EM

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… REs thus produced are packed in chylomicrons together with uncleaved carotenoid triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and apoprotein B-48 ( Figure 1 ) [ 64 , 75 ]. The nascent chylomicrons are secreted into the lymphatic ducts [ 76 ], and subsequently, they reach the blood circulation. … Nevertheless, about 75% of the REs and pro-retinoids present in chylomicrons remnants (CMRs) are captured by the liver [ 79 ]. …

LR11/SorLA links triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to risk of developing cardiovascular disease in FH patients.

OBJECTIVE: Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, whether an individual heterozygous FH patient will develop CVD depends on other genetic- and environmental risk factors as well. LDL receptor-related protein with 11 ligand binding repeat (LR11) and its soluble form (sLR11) play a role in the progression of atherosclerosis. We investigated the involvement of LR11 and sLR11 in CVD development in FH patients and in LDLR deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In statin-treated asymptomatic male heterozygous FH s

Causes, clinical findings and therapeutic options in chylomicronemia syndrome, a special form of hypertriglyceridemia.

The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia has been increasing worldwide. Attention is drawn to the fact that the frequency of a special hypertriglyceridemia entity, named chylomicronemia syndrome, is variable among its different forms. The monogenic form, termed familial chylomicronemia syndrome, is rare, occuring in 1 in every 1 million persons. On the other hand, the prevalence of the polygenic form of chylomicronemia syndrome is around 1:600. On the basis of the genetical alterations, other factors, such as obesity, alcohol consumption, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and certain drugs may sign

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… Regardless of the clinical consequences, chylomicronemia is described as an abnormal accumulation of chylomicrons in the plasma for 12–14 h after a meal. Of note, in individuals with undisturbed lipid metabolism, chylomicrons disappear from the serum 2–3 h after a meal [ 3 , 26 – 28 , 44 ]. … ω-3 fatty acids Intake of high doses of ω -3 fatty acids (4–6 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or doxosahexaenoic acid (DHA) daily) inhibits VLDL production, reduces the chylomicron size [ 86 ], enhances systemic lipolysis and promotes chylomicron plasma clearance by inhibiting apoC3 [ 87 – 90 ]. …

Recognition and management of persistent chylomicronemia: A joint expert clinical consensus by the National Lipid Association and the American Society for Preventive Cardiology.

Extreme hypertriglyceridemia, defined as triglyceride (TG) levels ≥1000 mg/dL, is almost always indicative of chylomicronemia. The current diagnostic approach categorizes individuals with chylomicronemia into familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS; prevalence 1-10 per million), caused by the biallelic combination of pathogenic variants that impair the lipolytic action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), or multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome (MCS, 1 in 500). A pragmatic framework should emphasize the severity of the phenotype and the risk of complications. Therefore, we endorse the term "persiste

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… Table 1 FCS MCS Population frequency 1–10:1,000,000 1:600 to 1:250 Fasting TG, mg/dL ≥1000 ≥1000 Primarily elevated lipoprotein fractions Chylomicrons Chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants and VLDL and IDL Genetic basis Biallelic monogenic (recessive) Most often polygenic Relevant genetic determinants … | FCS | MCS Population frequency | 1–10:1,000,000 | 1:600 to 1:250 Fasting TG, mg/dL | ≥1000 | ≥1000 Primarily elevated lipoprotein fractions | Chylomicrons | Chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants and VLDL and IDL Genetic basis | Biallelic monogenic (recessive) | Most often polygenic Relevant genetic …

Recognition and management of persistent chylomicronemia: A Joint Expert Clinical Consensus by the National Lipid Association and the American Society for Preventive Cardiology.

Extreme hypertriglyceridemia, defined as triglyceride (TG) levels ≥1000 mg/dL, is almost always indicative of chylomicronemia. The current diagnostic approach categorizes individuals with chylomicronemia into familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS; prevalence 1-10 per million), caused by the biallelic combination of pathogenic variants that impair the lipolytic action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), or multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome (MCS, 1 in 500). A pragmatic framework should emphasize the severity of the phenotype and the risk of complications. Therefore, we endorse the term "persiste

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… Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins: Chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins The metabolism of TRL involves a complex interplay of diverse, key regulatory proteins, cofactors, and enzymes. … Chylomicrons: advances in biology, pathology, laboratory testing, and therapeutics . Clin Chim Acta . 2016 ; 455 : 134 – 148 . doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.004 . 26868089 7. …

A brief clinical genetics review: stepwise diagnostic processes of a monogenic disorder-hypertriglyceridemia.

The completion of the Human Genome Project and tremendous advances in automated high-throughput genetic analysis technologies have enabled explosive progress in the field of genetics, which resulted in countless discoveries of novel genes and pathways. Many phenotype- or disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a high statistical significance have been identified through numerous genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and various polygenic risk scoring (PRS) schemes have been proposed to identify individuals with a high risk for a certain trait or disorder. Meanwhile, me

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… (A) Lipemic blood (right) with chylomicrons floating on top of plasma. (B) Eruptive xanthomas. (C) Lipemia retinalis. Reproduced with permission from Wiley and Sons ( 55 ): Journal of Internal Medicine 2020;287( 4 ):341. … Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are not packaged into chylomicrons so they can be used to supplement energetic needs ( 86 ). Regardless, life-long adherence to an extreme low-fat diet is challenging and patients often require continual encouragement. …

Роль аполипопротеина Е в нейродегенеративных заболеваниях.

Apolipopetein E (APOE) — белок, широко выраженный в большинстве нейронов центральной нервной системы. Зависящие от APOE изменения эндоцитного пути могут влиять на различные функции. APOE связывается с клеточными рецепторами для доставки липидов и гидрофобными амилоидами β-пептида, регулируя амилоидно-β-агрегирование и расчистку мозга. Было обнаружено несколько изоформов APOE с существенными структурными различиями, которые оказывают влияние на перенос липидов мозга, метаболизм глюкозы, нейрональный сигнал, нейроинфламмацию и митохондриальную функцию. В ходе этого обзора будет обобщена обновлен

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… APOE is also involved in the formation of chylomicrons and VLDL and affects the activity of other lipid metabolism-associated proteins and enzymes, such as hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase. … APOE is an integral component of chylomicrons, VLDL, and HDL in the peripheral system ( Table 1 ). …

Интерпретируемая скорость и возможные выгоды от ожирения, диабета и множественного склероза: систематический обзор случайных клинических испытаний.

В последние годы популярна практика интермитирования скорости, которая в споре представляется в качестве возможного терапевтического адъюнктора. Был проведен библиографический обзор литературы по вопросам периодического быстрого роста и ожирения, диабета и множественного склероза. Научное качество методологии и полученные результаты оценивались по парам. Промежуточный пост оказывает благоприятное воздействие на профиль липидов, и он связан с потерей веса и модификацией распределения брюшного жира у людей с ожирением и типом 2 диабет, а также улучшение контроля за глицемическими уровнями. У пац

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… IF also has a combined regulatory effect that increases triglyceride lipolysis in chylomicrons and increases the production of mature spherical HDL-cholesterol particles [ 21 , 23 ], thus producing a significant decrease in total triglyceride levels in plasma after a period of IF. … Likewise, it increases triglyceride lipolysis in chylomicrons and increases the production of HDL-cholesterol particles, and this causes the levels of total triglycerides in plasma to decrease significantly. eTRF is beneficial for the 24-h control of glycemic levels of people with diabetes. …

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: Exciting Avenues Beyond Weight Loss.

The last two decades have proffered many remarkable choices in managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Leading the list are glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs), the first of which, exenatide, was approved by the FDA in 2005. Two other major classes of drugs have also entered the market: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, commonly known as gliptins and approved in 2006, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, with the first approval occurring in 2013. These drugs have revolutionized the treatment of diabetes. Additionally, on the horizon, the once-w

Мультикорректный перекрестный анализ показывает механизмы заболеваний и лечебные цели HTLV-1-associated Миэлопатия, забытое нейро-воспалительное расстройство.

HTLV-1 это загадочный ретровирус, вызывающий изнурительное нервно-воспалительное заболевание, HTLV-1-associated Миэлопатия (HAM) с неизвестным патогенезом. Обе HTLV-1 Инфекция и ХАМ затрагивают главным образом женщин и небелые группы населения, которым не уделяется должного внимания. HAM не имеет лечения, которое могло бы привести к изменению болезней, поскольку нынешнее лечение в основном является симптоматическим и вдохновляет либо HIV-1 или множественные терапевтические стратегии склероза. Мы использовали системный биологический анализ новых и общедоступных данных, включая (эпи)геномику, тр

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… Among these, APOB, encoding one of the major components of circulating chylomicrons ( Fig. 4B ), was genome-wide suggestive in both Regenie and EUR PVL GWAS. Therefore, we performed 1 H-NMR metabolomic analysis in: a subset of the Brazilian GWAS cohort (n = 110). … Of relevance to the HTLV field, our data conform and extend published findings on HAM pathogenesis at the molecular (IL6, CTCF, KDR-VEGF, TGFBR2), cellular (NK cells, monocytes) 46 - 49 46 - 49 and metabolic (lipids and chylomicrons) level. …