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Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 1,2,4-triazole thioether derivatives bearing a quinazoline moiety.

A series of structurally novel 3-thioether-1-(quinazolin-4-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine derivatives (7a-7r) were designed and synthesized ba … l effective concentration) values of 46.9, 47.8 and 43.2 µg/mL, respectively, against the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), which were more potent than commercial agrobactericide Bismerthiazol (56.9 µg/mL). Moreover, EC[Formula: see text] values of compounds 7a and 7h were found to be 81.6 and 93.1 µg/mL, respectively, against the bacterium Ralstonia sol …

Novel carbazole-triazole-thioether conjugates as multifunctional antimicrobial agents against phytopathogen.

Carbazole and triazole derivatives exhibit diverse biological activities and pharmacological properties. Herein, we report a series of novel 1,2,4-triazole thioethers containing carbazole moiety and evaluate their biological activities. The results showed that some of the title compounds exhibited excellent antibacterial activities in vitro against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) in vitro. In particular, compound E36 exhibits the most excellent antibacterial effect against Xac, with an EC50 value of 9.4 mg/L. This efficacy was significantly superior to those of the control drugs bismert…

Antibacterial activities of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid against Acidovorax citrulli.

Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (3-CCA), previously screened from natural coumarins, was found to possess strong antibacterial activity against Acidovorax citrulli (Ac). In order to further evaluate the activity of this compound against plant bacterial pathogens and explore its potential value as a bactericidal lead compound, the activity of 3-CCA against 14 plant pathogenic bacteria in vitro and in vivo was tested. Results showed that 3-CCA exhibited strong in vitro activities against Ac, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, X. oryzae pv. oryzae, and Dickeya zeae with EC50…

Heat shock transcription factor 3 regulates plant immune response through modulation of salicylic acid accumulation and signalling in cassava.

As the terminal components of signal transduction, heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs) mediate the activation of multiple genes responsive to various stresses. However, the information and functional analysis are very limited in non-model plants, especially in cassava (Manihot esculenta), one of the most important crops in tropical areas. In this study, 32 MeHsfs were identified from the cassava genome; the evolutionary tree, gene structures and motifs were also analysed. Gene expression analysis found that MeHsfs were commonly regulated by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam). Amon…

Design, synthesis, and antimicrobial behavior of novel oxadiazoles containing various N-containing heterocyclic pendants.

BACKGROUND: The gradually elevated outbreak of plant bacterial diseases severely limits agricultural products and small amounts of pesticides can manage them. Our group has previously synthesized and screened the antimicrobial activity of diverse 1,3,4-oxadiazole thioether/sulfone compounds bridged by a sulfur atom at the 2-position of 1,3,4-oxadiazole. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of eliminating the sulfur atom on bioactivity. Herein, a novel type of N-containing heterocyclic pendants-tagged 1,3,4-oxadiazoles bridged by alkyl chains only was systematically synthesized and ev

Biological activity evaluation and action mechanism of chalcone derivatives containing thiophene sulfonate.

A series of novel chalcone derivatives containing a thiophene sulfonate group were designed and synthesized. The structures of all title compounds were determined by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS. Antibacterial bioassays indicated that, compound 2l demonstrated excellent antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), with an EC50 value of 11.4 μg mL-1, which is significantly superior to those of bismerthiazol (BT) (51.6 μg mL-1) and thiodiazole-copper (TC) (94.7 μg mL-1). Meanwhile, the mechanism of action of compound 2l was confirmed by using scanning electron microscopy …

Exogenous treatment with salicylic acid attenuates occurrence of citrus canker in susceptible navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck).

Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is a devastating bacterial disease threatening the citrus industry. Salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in plant defense response to biotic stress, but information is scarce concerning the application of SA to enhancing Xac resistance. In the present research attempts were made to investigate how exogenous application of SA influenced canker disease outbreak in navel orange (Citrus sinensis). Exogenously applied SA at 0.25 mM significantly enhanced the endogenous free and bound SA, particularly the latter. Upon exposure to Xac, lo…

Cornus macrophylla, the Antibacterial Activity of Organic Leaf Extracts and the Characterization of the More Lipophilic Components by GC/MS.

In the present study, the antibacterial activity of Cornus macrophylla was examined. Organic solvent extracts of leaves were prepared using … , 30, and 22.3 mm IZD against Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Xanthomonas axonopodis, respectively. The n-hexane extract revealed high antibacterial activity against all bacterial species as compared with methanolic, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extract. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of n-hexane extract depi …

Production of 3-nitropropionic acid by endophytic fungus Phomopsis longicolla isolated from Trichilia elegans A. JUSS ssp. elegans and evaluation of biological activity.

The compound 3-nitropropionic acid is a potent neurotoxic agent in animals and well-known as a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosi … al pathogens Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhi and slight inhibition of phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. The evaluation of insecticide activity did not show mortality of the Diatraea saccharalis larvae by the metabolite 3-nitropropionic acid in the D fraction. The results suggest that P. longicolla is a bioactive metabolic producing endop …

Rational Optimization of 1,2,3-Triazole-Tailored Carbazoles As Prospective Antibacterial Alternatives with Significant In Vivo Control Efficiency and Unique Mode of Action.

Plant bacterial diseases can potentially damage agricultural products around the world, and few effective bactericides can manage these infections. Herein, to sequentially explore highly effective antibacterial alternatives, 1,2,3-triazole-tailored carbazoles were rationally fabricated. These compounds could suppress the growth of three main intractable pathogens including Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo), X. axonopodis pv citri (Xac), and Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa) with lower EC50 values of 3.36 (3p), 2.87 (3p), and 4.57 μg/mL (3r), respectively. Pot experiments revealed that

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of antifungal and antibacterial activities of novel quinazolinone-formononetin derivatives.

BACKGROUND: Plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria cause substantial losses in agricultural production worldwide, and escalating resistance to … rior to that of azoxystrobin (Az, 79.7 μg/mL). T9 showed outstanding antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), with an EC50 of 1.8 μg/mL, far exceeding the activities of thiodiazole-copper (TC, 79.6 μg/mL) and formononetin (FMN, 96.8 μg/mL). Notably, T6 primarily exerts an antifungal effect, whereas T9 mainly exhibits an antibacterial effect …

Biological and structural characterization of a new PLA2 from the Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom.

In the present article we report on the biological characterization and amino acid sequence of a new basic Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) isolated … arin reduced significantly its effects. This protein showed a strong antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis passiforae (Gram-negative), which was drastically reduced by incubation of this PLA2 with p-BPB, but this effect was marginally reduced after treatment with anhydrous acetic acid. Our findings here allow to speculate that basic amino acid residues o …

Isolation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of 4-Allylbenzene-1,2-diol from Piper austrosinense.

Isolation for antibacterial compounds from natural plants is a promising approach to develop new pesticides. In this study, two compounds were obtained from the Chinese endemic plant Piper austrosinense using bioassay-guided fractionation. Based on analyses of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectral data, the isolated compounds were identified as 4-allylbenzene-1,2-diol and (S)-4-allyl-5-(1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)allyl)benzene-1,2-diol. 4-Allylbenzene-1,2-diol was shown to have strong antibacterial activity against four plant pathogens, including Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae (Xoo), X. axonopodi

Genetic analysis of citrus leafminer susceptibility.

Damage caused by the citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella, is highly dependent on the citrus flushing pattern. Chemical control is only required in young trees, both in nurseries and in newly established orchards. However, this situation is completely different in countries where the causal agent of citrus canker, the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri exists. CLM infestation results in a higher incidence of citrus canker infection. Among preventive control strategies that provide environmentally sound and sustainable solutions, resistant or tolerant varieties remain the most…

Genome-wide analyses of cassava Pathogenesis-related (PR) gene families reveal core transcriptome responses to whitefly infestation, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid.

BACKGROUND: Whiteflies are a threat to cassava (Manihot esculenta), an important staple food in many tropical/subtropical regions. Understan … response to five other biotic stresses revealed a strong positive correlation between whitefly and Xanthomonas axonopodis and Cassava Brown Streak Virus responses and negative correlations between whitefly and Cassava Mosaic Virus responses. Finally, certain associations between PR genes in cassava expansions and response to biotic stresses were observed among PR famil …

Renal and antibacterial effects induced by myotoxin I and II isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom.

Bothrops jararacussu myotoxin I (BthTx-I; Lys 49) and II (BthTX-II; Asp 49) were purified by ion-exchange chromatography and reverse phase H … of BthTX II. In this work also evaluated the antibacterial effects of BthTx-I and BthTx-II against Xanthomonas axonopodis. pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative bacteria) and we observed that both PLA2 showed antibacterial activity. Also we observed that proteins Also we observed that proteins chemically modified with 4-bromophenacyl bromide (rho-BPB) decrease significantly t …

A Comprehensive Review on the Therapeutic Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in Relation to its Major Active Constituent Curcumin.

Curcuma longa Linn. (C. longa), popularly known as turmeric, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and has a long historical background of having healing properties against many diseases. In Unani and Ayurveda medicine, C. longa has been used for liver obstruction and jaundice, and has been applied externally for ulcers and inflammation. Additionally, it is employed in several other ailments such as cough, cold, dental issues, indigestion, skin infections, blood purification, asthma, piles, bronchitis, tumor, wounds, and hepatic disorders, and is used as an antiseptic. Curcumin, a major constitu

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… Moreover, recently, it has been found that the combination of AgNP with the rhizome extract of C. longa showed antimicrobial effect towards plant affecting bacteria such as Xanthomonas axonopodis and Erwinia amylovora , which could be useful for nano-drug delivery applications ( Gaurav, 2021 ). …