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A new era of cancer immunotherapy: vaccines and miRNAs.

Cancer immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape, introducing new strategies to fight various types of cancer. This review examines the important role of vaccines in cancer therapy, focusing on recent advancements such as dendritic cell vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and viral vector-based approaches. The relationship between cancer and the immune system highlights the importance of vaccines as therapeutic tools. The discussion covers tumor cell and dendritic cell vaccines, protein/peptide vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines (including DNA, RNA, or viral vector-based), with a focus on th

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… Viral vectors comprise derivatives of vaccinia virus from the orthopoxvirus genus and members of the avipoxvirus genus, including fowlpox and canarypox (ALVAC). …

A Comprehensive Review of Modern Cancer Therapies Utilizing Oncolytic Viruses.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are gaining traction as advanced tools in cancer therapy. They are distinguished by their ability to destroy malignant cells while sparing normal tissue specifically. In addition to their direct tumor-lysing properties, an essential benefit of oncolytic virus therapy is its capacity to activate both the innate and adaptive immune systems. To enhance these therapeutic actions, many OVs have been genetically engineered to encode immune-modulating factors that reestablish or strengthen antitumor immune responses. Recent studies show that combining OVs with other forms of i

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… Vaccinia Virus The vaccinia virus (VV) is a lipid-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family [ 55 ]. …

Combinatorial Approaches for Cancer Treatment Using Oncolytic Viruses: Projecting the Perspectives through Clinical Trials Outcomes.

Recent cancer immunotherapy breakthroughs have fundamentally changed oncology and revived the fading hope for a cancer cure. The immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) became an indispensable tool for the treatment of many malignant tumors. Alongside ICI, the application of oncolytic viruses in clinical trials is demonstrating encouraging outcomes. Dozens of combinations of oncolytic viruses with conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy are widely used or studied, but it seems quite complicated to highlight the most effective combinations. Our review summarizes the results of clinical trials eva

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… About 22 genera of Poxviridae are known, among which four genera can infect humans: orthopoxvirus, parapoxvirus, yatapoxvirus, and molluscipoxvirus . Their virions are generally enveloped and have a shape of brick or oval form. … By now there are six poxviruses from four different genera investigated as potential oncolytics: Vaccinia virus (VV), Racoonpox and Cowpox virus ( Orthopoxviruses ), Myxoma virus ( Leporipoxvirus ), Yaba monkey tumor virus ( Yatapoxvirus ), and Squirrelpox virus [ 76 ]. …

Cancer Vaccines and Beyond: The Transformative Role of Nanotechnology in Immunotherapy.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, responsible for approximately 10 million deaths in 2022 and an estimated 21 million new cases in 2024. Traditional cancer treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy often present limitations in efficacy and side effects. However, immunotherapeutic vaccines have emerged as a promising approach, leveraging the body's immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. This review examines the evolving landscape of cancer vaccines, differentiating between preventive and therapeutic strategies and highlig

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… Vaccinia virus, belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus within the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae , is especially relevant in this context [ 15 , 196 ]. …

ECC-4 Abstracts

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… camelpox [ kam′ l-poks ] a disease of camels caused by an Orthopoxvirus . Natural infections appear to be limited to the Old World camels. …

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