"Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanoplastics Caused Hepatotoxicity in Mice Can be Prevented by Betaine: Molecular and Immunohistochemical Insights".

Polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics (PET-NPs) are one of the most frequently distributed nanoplastics in daily life. Betaine is thought to be a promising hepatoprotective agent. The current investigation focused on whether orally administered PET-NPs caused hepatotoxicity and ameliorative effect of betaine. Forty adult male Swiss albino mice were randomly split into four groups: group I control, group II betaine (1000 mg/kg I/P), group III PET-NPs (200 mg/kg orally), and group IV betaine plus PET-NPs at doses similar to group II& III respectively. After 30 days, blood sample were collected then animals were euthanized and liver specimens were dissected out for biochemical and histopathological examination. PET-NPs induced a significant elevation in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as an increase in the inflammatory genes a proto-oncogene (c-FOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) (p ≤ 0.05), with a substantial decrease in glutathione (GSH) (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, on the level of histopathological analysis PET-NPs caused alterations in hepatic tissue architecture as vascular dilatation and congestion with hepatocytes degeneration, bile duct epithelial hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltrations While on the level of immunohistochemistry, PET-NPs trigger positive tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ҠB) expression in comparison to control. Meanwhile, betaine treatment reduced the deleterious effects of PET-NPs. To summarize, PET-NPs may cause hepatotoxicity in mice, with a belief that betaine could mitigate the detrimental impact.