IUPHAR review: Eating disorders, gut microbiota dysbiosis and epigenetic aberrations.

Eating disorders (EDs) are a heterogeneous class of increasing mental disorders that are characterized by disturbances in eating behaviors, body weight regulation, and associated psychological dysfunctions. These disorders create physiological imbalances that alter the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota. While evidence suggests that EDs can arise from epigenetic aberrations, alterations in gut microbial communities may also contribute to the development and/or persistence of EDs through epigenetic mechanisms. Understanding the interplay among gut microbial communities, epigenetic processes, and the risk of EDs provides opportunities for designing preventive and/or therapeutic interventions through gut microbiome modulation. This review highlights how microbiome-based therapeutics and specific dietary interventions can contribute to improving various subtypes of EDs by modulating gut microbial communities and mitigating epigenetic aberrations. First, we briefly review the literature on links between epigenetic aberrations and the pathophysiology of EDs. Second, we examine the potential role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of EDs through epigenetic mechanisms. Next, we explore the associations between EDs and other psychiatric disorders, and examine the potential roles of the microbiome in their pathogenesis. Finally, we present evidence supporting the potential of microbiome-based therapeutics and specific dietary interventions to improve EDs through epigenetic modifications.