Specificities of sclerosing cholangitis in childhood.

Sclerosing cholangitis (SC) is a chronic cholestatic disease characterized by inflammation and obliterative fibrosis of the bile ducts, leading to biliary cirrhosis and ultimately to liver failure. Four main clinical forms can be distinguished in children: i) neonatal SC, most probably a genetic disease transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance; ii) SC associated with strong features of autoimmunity (referred as autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis) with quite good response to immuno-suppression iii) primary SC of unknown etiology (i.e. without features of autoimmunity) and iv) SC secondary to various diseases, including Langerhans cell histiocytosis and immunodeficiencies. Ursodesoxycholic acid is considered the treatment of choice for all forms of SC but without proof of its effectiveness in preventing progression to secondary biliary cirrhosis. In patients with immunodeficiencies, early bone marrow transplantation is the only way to prevent secondary SC. Liver transplantation remains the only validated treatment in children with biliary cirrhosis. Recurrence of SC after liver transplantation has not been clearly demonstrated in children; however, recurrence of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with bile duct injury has been reported. For patients with severe immunodeficiency, a two-step liver then bone marrow transplantation protocol may be proposed.