CRANIAL MORPHOMETRY: COMPARING TRADITIONAL METHODS AND 3D SCANNERS.

INTRODUCTION: This narrative review analyzes differences between present 3D scanning technologies and traditional anthropometric methods in cranial morphometry. Reviewing the literature, we highlight the advantages, disadvantages, and uses of both techniques in anthropology, medical plastic surgery, orthodontics, and forensic science. We compared the efficacy of anthropometric measurement techniques, including 3D scanning and traditional methods. Craniofacial anthropometry involves measuring the head and face in living individuals, cadaveric specimens, and radiological images. Traditional caliper-based methods provide accuracy when performed by trained professionals but are prone to human error, time-consuming, and require extensive training. 3D laser scanning emerges as a more modern, accurate, and non-invasive alternative. It avoids physical contact and provides repeatable data with accuracy comparable to calipers. This study examines the differences between traditional approaches and 3D technology in skull measurements, highlighting the advantages of digital methods.

AIM OF STUDY: To evaluate and compare conventional manual methods and 3D scanning techniques used in cranial anthropometry, to highlight their respective advantages, limitations, and applicability in research and clinical fields such as anthropology, forensic science, orthodontics, and maxillofacial surgery.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study summarizes relevant studies comparing traditional and digital craniometric methods. A systematic search using keywords like "conventional methods craniometry" and "laser scanning craniometry" was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria focused on English-language research articles, reviews, and studies involving direct or 3D laser-based measurements. Irrelevant articles were excluded.

CONCLUSION: Traditional craniofacial measurements using tools like calipers and osteometric boards rely on physical contact and are prone to human error, require time, and demand professional training. Although 3D scanning offers greater accuracy and efficiency, studies with large sample sizes and proper comparisons remain limited. This paper explores the application of both methods in preserving osteological material and advancing research in anthropology, forensic medicine, orthodontics, and orthognathic surgery.