European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026
Intergenerational associations of depression and anxiety among adult mother-daughter dyads in China.
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Lin Junjie, Zhou Yaguan, Zhu Xiaoqin, Zhang Yue, Wang Hui, Dai Jiyue, Liu Yue, Zhang Zifan, Cheng Yangyang, Wang Sunyi, Cai Hongyu, Zhao Yipei, Ding Weijie, Xu Xiaolin
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Mental disorders are intergenerationally associated, particularly affecting adolescent offspring. However, the extent of such intergenerational associations among adult women in China remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the intergenerational associations of depression and anxiety between two adult female generations.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 2,130 grandmother-mother dyads from the Grandmothers, Mothers, and Their Children's Health study. Depression and anxiety of the grandmaternal (G0) and maternal (G1) generations were assessed using the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, respectively, with scores of 10 or higher defined as depression and anxiety. Statistical analyses included logistic regression, negative binomial regression, and restricted cubic spline analyses.
RESULTS: A total of 11.4% G0 and 11.5% G1 participants reported depression, and 4.1% G0 and 3.1% G1 participants reported anxiety. Depression in G0 was associated with 4.29-fold (95% CI: 3.09-5.94) and 3.50-fold (95% CI: 1.98-6.01) higher odds of depression and anxiety in G1, respectively, while anxiety in G0 was associated with 3.95-fold (95% CI: 2.41-6.35) and 5.47-fold (95% CI: 2.64-10.60) higher odds of depression and anxiety in G1, respectively; dose-response relationships were also observed. In addition, the intergenerational association of depression was stronger among G0 participants residing in rural areas, whereas G0 depression and anxiety were more strongly associated with anxiety in G1 among those with higher household income.
CONCLUSIONS: Mental disorders were intergenerationally associated between mothers and their adult daughters. These findings emphasize the importance of family-based interventions for mental health.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 2,130 grandmother-mother dyads from the Grandmothers, Mothers, and Their Children's Health study. Depression and anxiety of the grandmaternal (G0) and maternal (G1) generations were assessed using the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, respectively, with scores of 10 or higher defined as depression and anxiety. Statistical analyses included logistic regression, negative binomial regression, and restricted cubic spline analyses.
RESULTS: A total of 11.4% G0 and 11.5% G1 participants reported depression, and 4.1% G0 and 3.1% G1 participants reported anxiety. Depression in G0 was associated with 4.29-fold (95% CI: 3.09-5.94) and 3.50-fold (95% CI: 1.98-6.01) higher odds of depression and anxiety in G1, respectively, while anxiety in G0 was associated with 3.95-fold (95% CI: 2.41-6.35) and 5.47-fold (95% CI: 2.64-10.60) higher odds of depression and anxiety in G1, respectively; dose-response relationships were also observed. In addition, the intergenerational association of depression was stronger among G0 participants residing in rural areas, whereas G0 depression and anxiety were more strongly associated with anxiety in G1 among those with higher household income.
CONCLUSIONS: Mental disorders were intergenerationally associated between mothers and their adult daughters. These findings emphasize the importance of family-based interventions for mental health.