Unraveling functional dyspepsia: Pathophysiological mechanisms, microbiota interactions, and emerging therapeutic strategies.

This comprehensive review elucidates the latest advancements in understanding functional dyspepsia (FD). The article delves into the pathophysiological mechanisms of FD, including gastrointestinal motility disorders, visceral hypersensitivity, impaired gastric accommodation, compromised intestinal barrier function, and microbiota dysbiosis. It particularly emphasizes the crucial role of gut microbiota in FD pathogenesis, providing a detailed analysis of how microbiome-host interactions influence intestinal barrier function, immune regulation, and the brain-gut axis. The review also synthesizes current treatment strategies for FD, encompassing dietary modifications, pharmacological interventions, behavioral therapies, and Traditional Chinese Medicine approaches. This review uniquely integrates microbiome-barrier-immune-brain-gut axis interactions and combines Western-TCM therapeutic paradigms, providing a comprehensive framework for personalized FD management.