Ultraviolet Keratitis: From the Pathophysiological Basis to Prevention and Clinical Management.

Ultraviolet keratitis is caused by the toxic effects of acute high-dose ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reflecting the sensitivity of the ocular surface to photochemical injury. The clinical syndrome presents with ocular pain, tearing, conjunctival chemosis, blepharospasm, and deterioration of vision typically several hours after exposure, lasting up to 3 days. Mountaineers, skiers, and beach recreationalists are particularly at risk to suffer from ultraviolet (UV) keratitis as the reflectivity of UVR in these environments is extremely high. The aim of this review is to raise awareness about the potential of UV damage on the eye with an emphasis on UV keratitis, to highlight the pathophysiological basis of corneal phototoxicity, and to provide practical guidance for the prevention and clinical management of UV keratitis commonly known as snow blindness.