Phospholipases: Where Do We Stand?

Phospholipases are a diverse group of lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyze membrane glycerophospholipid substrates at specific ester bonds at the lipid-water interface. They are involved in numerous functions such as the production of various intracellular signaling molecules, inflammation, and human digestion. These highly widespread enzymes in nature vary considerably in terms of structure, mode of action, and regulation. Research on phospholipases has progressed greatly in recent decades. This review aims to provide a general framework of the current understanding of phospholipases and a discussion of their mechanisms of action and emerging biological functions.