Zygote (Cambridge, England) · 2026
Unveiling the role of galectin-3 in patients with azoospermia: potential biomarker for male infertility.
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Altun Akpınar Ayse, Dursun Murat, Karamustafaoglu Balcı Burcin, Sevic Yılmaz Erva, Uzun Kübra Nur, Kadioglu Ates, Akgul Cemil
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of the protein galectin-3 (Gal-3) and its effect on fibrosis and apoptosis in testicular tissues of patients with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia (iNOA).
DESIGN: A prospective study.
SUBJECT: Male patients who needed testicular sperm extraction for assisted reproductive technology treatments.
EXPOSURE: Tissue samples were obtained during microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) procedures from patients diagnosed as having azoospermia according to two semen analyses. Two groups were determined as sperm non-detected (n = 8, TESE-) and detected (n = 7, TESE+). Germ cells were morphologically evaluated using haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and Johnsen scores. Immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate Gal-3 expression and caspase-3-related apoptotic activity.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gal-3 positivity, apoptosis and fibrosis indexes.
RESULTS: Gal-3 expression was significantly higher in the TESE- group (p = 0.024). Gal-3 showed strong positivity in Sertoli Cells and cells in the interstitial area around the seminiferous tubules in the TESE- group.
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential role of Gal-3 in iNOA and its association with testicular fibrosis and impaired spermatogenesis. The absence of sperm retrieval was associated with increased Gal-3 expression, seminiferous tubule wall thickening, and enhanced apoptosis-related activity. These findings suggest that Gal-3 may contribute to inflammation- and fibrosis-related testicular damage in iNOA. However, further experimental and clinical studies are required to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms of Gal-3 and determine its potential clinical significance in male infertility.
DESIGN: A prospective study.
SUBJECT: Male patients who needed testicular sperm extraction for assisted reproductive technology treatments.
EXPOSURE: Tissue samples were obtained during microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) procedures from patients diagnosed as having azoospermia according to two semen analyses. Two groups were determined as sperm non-detected (n = 8, TESE-) and detected (n = 7, TESE+). Germ cells were morphologically evaluated using haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and Johnsen scores. Immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate Gal-3 expression and caspase-3-related apoptotic activity.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gal-3 positivity, apoptosis and fibrosis indexes.
RESULTS: Gal-3 expression was significantly higher in the TESE- group (p = 0.024). Gal-3 showed strong positivity in Sertoli Cells and cells in the interstitial area around the seminiferous tubules in the TESE- group.
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential role of Gal-3 in iNOA and its association with testicular fibrosis and impaired spermatogenesis. The absence of sperm retrieval was associated with increased Gal-3 expression, seminiferous tubule wall thickening, and enhanced apoptosis-related activity. These findings suggest that Gal-3 may contribute to inflammation- and fibrosis-related testicular damage in iNOA. However, further experimental and clinical studies are required to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms of Gal-3 and determine its potential clinical significance in male infertility.