The impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on human health: a growing concern.

The excessive production and improper disposal of plastic has led to the contamination of all marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The degradation of this debris in the form of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) has resulted in the contamination of food, water, and everyday products, which renders human exposure inevitable whether by ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. The use of plastics additives during the production, or the adsorption of substances in environmental conditions, make it difficult to decipher the toxic mechanisms of these emerging pollutants. They are found in absorption organs (gut, lungs, skin) where they are associated with local dysfunction and inflammation. Through various biological processes, MNPs can cross biological barriers to reach the bloodstream and all irrigated organs, even the placenta, raising the question of foetal contamination. Recent studies demonstrated the ability of these particles to impair metabolism and hormone homeostasis, as well as to induce local inflammation and oxidative stress via specific mechanisms detailed in this review. To provide a comprehensive overview of this pollution problem, this review also presents regulatory data and possible large-scale action levers based on economic models.