Ear anomalies and hearing loss in patients with VACTERL association and the effect of maternal diabetes.

VACTERL association is typically defined as the presence of three components among these birth defects: vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF), renal anomalies, and limb defects. There is increasing recognition that VACTERL and other recurrent constellations of embryonic development often overlap clinically and might share pathogenesis. We conducted a comprehensive chart review of a large patient population with VACTERL association from two tertiary care centers in California. We included patients with incomplete VACTERL expression, which we denoted as "partial VACTERL" (pVACTERL). We assessed the occurrence of craniofacial (CF) findings in these two groups and the combined cohort. We collected data on potential risk factors and demographic information such as sex, Hispanic ancestry, pregnancy complications, and maternal age. The study included 409 participants, of whom 263 had VACTERL and 146 pVACTERL. CF abnormalities were found in 17.3% of VACTERL patients and 9.4% of pVACTERL patients. In the VACTERL group, ear anomalies were found in 10.2%, microtia in 5.9%, hearing loss (HL) in 13.90%, and orofacial clefts in 3.1%. In the pVACTERL group, ear anomalies were found in 7.2%, microtia in 5.0%, HL in 9.3%, and orofacial cleft in 2.2%. Maternal diabetes significantly increased the risk for HL in VACTERL (odds ratio [OR]: 3.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-7.3) and pVACTERL patients (OR: 6.7, 95% CI: 1.70-23.4). Poorly controlled maternal diabetes significantly increased the risk for all the outcomes in VACTERL patients including CF anomalies (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9-9.6), ear anomalies (OR: 4.7, 95% CI: 1.8-11.8), microtia (OR: 5.4, 95% CI: 1.7-16.6), and HL (OR: 8.1, 95% CI: 3.4-19.4). Twin status was significantly associated with the occurrence of microtia (p = 0.038) in VACTERL patients. Occurrence of CF features, particularly ear anomalies, microtia, and HL, might be considered as part of phenotypic diversity of VACTERL association. Diabetes and twinning might appear to play a role in increasing the risk for this phenotype in VACTERL association.