Nuclear receptors CAR and PXR; therapeutic targets for cholestatic liver disease.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an arthropathy associated to psoriasis, which is part of the spondyloarthropathy family, and which may present with various forms, from mono-oligoarthritis to symmetric polyarthritis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis. In longstanding disease, the symmetric polyarthritis is the most common pattern of PsA, involving small joint of hands, feet, wrists, ankles and, very frequently, knees. Other common features are represented by the inflammation of enthesis and tendons. Ultrasound (US) examinations were performed using a Logiq 9 (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) equipped with a multifrequency linear probe, working at 10-14 MHz. One-hundred and sixty-six knee joints were investigated in a total of 83 patients. Prior to US assessment, all patients underwent a clinical examination by an expert rheumatologist who recorded the presence/absence of pain, tenderness (detected by palpation and/or active or passive mobilisation of the knee), and knee swelling. Sixty-two (74.7%) knee joints were found clinically involved, while at least one US finding indicative of joint inflammation was obtained in 70 (84.3%) knee joints. In the 59% of the patients we noticed synovial hypertrophy. Enthesitis was present in 39.7% of the subjects studied. This study demonstrated that US detected a higher number of inflamed knee joints and enthesis with respect to clinical assessment in PsA patients.