Celiac Disease and Gut Microbiota: What Do We Know so Far?

Gut microbiota (GM) is a complex microenvironment characterised by intricate interactions, which might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including celiac disease (CD). DDysbiosis of gut bacteria can have a wide range of effects; however, whether it is a cause or a consequence of certain diseases and how it evolves during disease progression remains an area of active research. Celiac disease patients appear to have characteristic microbiota patterns, including low levels of beneficial species and high levels of potentially pathogenic species. The use of pro-, pre-, syn- and post-biotics to modulate the GM requires more systematic investigation, to determine the impact of specific species, the optimal dosage and the treatment duration needed to achieve desired results without adverse reactions. Additionally, osteoporosis in the course of CeD ease warrants further investigation. Many factors may contribute to its pathogenesis, including GM. This review summarizes recent literature concerning the role of GM in CeD, highlighting both consistent findings and areas of ongoing debate.