Diagnosis and management of laryngotracheal stenosis.

Laryngotracheal stenosis comprises a broad spectrum of congenital and acquired conditions that commonly cause pediatric airway obstruction. Although the majority of these conditions were historically managed with endoscopic dilations, the introduction of operative procedures such as laryngotracheoplasty, cricotracheal resection, and slide tracheoplasty changed the treatment paradigm. The gradual evolution of endoscopic technology enabled surgeons to perform certain procedures endoscopically that were previously only able to be performed in an open fashion. Areas covered: This review highlights the important aspects of the diagnosis, workup, and surgical treatment of pediatric laryngotracheal stenosis. Important articles describing research and techniques within pediatric airway reconstruction are summarized and included in the review. Expert commentary: The importance of the multidisciplinary concept of treating laryngotracheal stenosis is evidenced by the establishment of aerodigestive centers internationally. In order to continue successfully treating complex cases of laryngotracheal stenosis, further airway research is needed. The application and feasibility of tracheal transplantation and replacement is likely the next frontier in the treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis.