Loganin and morroniside: Therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms in diabetes mellitus and its complications-A review.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications not only seriously affect people's health but also impose a heavy burden on society. It is necessary to strive for further exploration of the pathogenesis of these diseases and the discovery of new drugs. Cornus officinalis, a typical traditional medicinal plant in Asia, is widely recognized for its multiple bioactive effects. Two active ingredients from Cornus officinalis, loganin, and morroniside, have been shown to have antidiabetic effects, such as promoting insulin secretion, improving insulin resistance, and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. These properties highlight their potential as therapeutic agents in the management of DM. In addition, loganin and morroniside have shown potential therapeutic effects on several diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy, diabetic osteoporosis, diabetic testicular injury, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetes-related liver injury. These effects are attributed to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, and lipid-modulating properties. This review summarizes the preclinical therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of loganin and morroniside related to DM and its complications. Current evidence indicates potential benefits, but the mechanisms require further investigation. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate their efficacy and safety.