Complication Avoidance in Spine Surgery.

The outcomes of spine surgery are closely related to postoperative morbidity. Therefore, an experienced surgeon must be aware of various complications and should apply all necessary preventive measures to avoid them. It is widely considered that complications of spine surgery are underreported and that their real incidence is much higher than expected. This review highlights methods to prevent various types of morbidity that may be encountered during different spinal procedures, considering general complications, approach-related complications, fusion- and implant-related complications, and systemic complications.