Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2026
Achyranthis bidentatae radix: A comprehensive review of botany, processing methods, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics.
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Yang Zerun, Deng Biqi, Song Ruirui, Gao Chengcheng, Sun Yan, Zhu Tiantian, Zhu Liqiao, Sheng Huagang
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Achyranthis bidentatae radix (ABR, Niu-Xi in Chinese) is a well-documented medicinal herb with a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Traditional application records suggest that ABR may be widely used for treating conditions such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, waist and knee pain, muscle and bone weakness, stranguria, edema, headache, dizziness, toothache, oral aphthae, hematemesis, and epistaxis.
AIM OF THE REVIEW: This paper provides a comprehensive review of ABR, encompassing its botany, processing methods, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. It aims to offer an overview of current research to facilitate further exploration and utilization of ABR.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used "Achyranthis bidentatae radix", "Achyranthes bidentata Bl." and "NiuXi" as the keywords to gather relevant information on ABR from different databases, including PubMed, CNKI, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Literature on non-medicinal parts, including stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds, was excluded.
RESULTS: To date, 204 compounds have been isolated and identified from ABR, including triterpenoid saponins, steroids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids, polypeptides, volatile oils, and other chemical components. Triterpenoid saponins, steroids and polysaccharides exert the main pharmacological effects, including anti-osteoporosis, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities. ABR also exhibits other pharmacological activities, including nephroprotective, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, and cardioprotective effects. Toxicological studies confirm ABR's general safety at conventionally recommended dosages, while pharmacokinetic investigations have clarified the in vivo behaviors of β-ecdysterone and triterpenoid saponins from ABR. In addition, this paper addresses the shortcomings of current research on ABR and proposes potential future research directions.
CONCLUSIONS: ABR exhibits a diverse chemical composition and a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, studies on the single active compounds of ABR remain insufficient. Research on their in vivo mechanisms of action is limited and lacks clinical trial validation, while research on the mechanisms of multi-component synergistic effects remains incomplete. Future studies should therefore focus on the identification of bioactive constituents, along with systematic pharmacological and clinical evaluation. Quality control research on ABR and its processed products must be strengthened to ensure their safe and effective application. Furthermore, in-depth investigations into the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of ABR will provide a scientific basis for its clinical application.
AIM OF THE REVIEW: This paper provides a comprehensive review of ABR, encompassing its botany, processing methods, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. It aims to offer an overview of current research to facilitate further exploration and utilization of ABR.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used "Achyranthis bidentatae radix", "Achyranthes bidentata Bl." and "NiuXi" as the keywords to gather relevant information on ABR from different databases, including PubMed, CNKI, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Literature on non-medicinal parts, including stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds, was excluded.
RESULTS: To date, 204 compounds have been isolated and identified from ABR, including triterpenoid saponins, steroids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids, polypeptides, volatile oils, and other chemical components. Triterpenoid saponins, steroids and polysaccharides exert the main pharmacological effects, including anti-osteoporosis, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities. ABR also exhibits other pharmacological activities, including nephroprotective, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, and cardioprotective effects. Toxicological studies confirm ABR's general safety at conventionally recommended dosages, while pharmacokinetic investigations have clarified the in vivo behaviors of β-ecdysterone and triterpenoid saponins from ABR. In addition, this paper addresses the shortcomings of current research on ABR and proposes potential future research directions.
CONCLUSIONS: ABR exhibits a diverse chemical composition and a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, studies on the single active compounds of ABR remain insufficient. Research on their in vivo mechanisms of action is limited and lacks clinical trial validation, while research on the mechanisms of multi-component synergistic effects remains incomplete. Future studies should therefore focus on the identification of bioactive constituents, along with systematic pharmacological and clinical evaluation. Quality control research on ABR and its processed products must be strengthened to ensure their safe and effective application. Furthermore, in-depth investigations into the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of ABR will provide a scientific basis for its clinical application.