Review of the Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Orthopedic Disease.

Exosomes can be derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and have recently been used to treat defects in the tendons. They may also have applications in treating osteoporosis. MSC-derived exosomes communicate with mesenchymal and osteogenic cells through endocrine or paracrine mechanisms and contribute factors involved in physiological and pathological orthopedic conditions associated with hypoxia and bone tumors. Also, generalized medical conditions, such as obesity, hyperglycemia, and degenerative diseases, can inhibit the osteogenic effect of MSC-derived exosomes. This review aims to present an update on the roles of MSCs and exosomes derived from MSCs in treating orthopedic diseases, such as osteoporosis, and in the repair of cartilage, tendons, and bone fractures.