A glycolytic shunt via the pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic checkpoint for nervous system sensory homeostasis and axonal regeneration.

Homeostasis and repair in the nervous system are thought to rely on distinct molecular programs. Here, we uncover an unexpected role for the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in peripheral sensory axons, where it supports both homeostatic mechanosensation and axonal regeneration after injury. We show that the PPP is enriched and active in sciatic nerve axoplasms, where it maintains redox balance via NADPH production, enabling physiological mechanical sensation. However, following sciatic nerve injury, the PPP is required for regeneration by fueling ribonucleotide synthesis through ribose-5-phosphate. In contrast, this pathway remains inactive after spinal cord injury (SCI), contributing to regenerative failure. Reactivation of the PPP, through neuronal transketolase overexpression or oral ribose supplementation, promotes metabolic reprogramming, restores sensory and motor axonal growth, and improves neurological recovery after SCI. These findings propose the PPP as a metabolic checkpoint in sensory neuron physiology and regeneration, highlighting its therapeutic potential for central nervous system repair.