Applying pharmaceutical care concepts to address antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries with particular emphasis on tuberculosis.

Antimicrobial resistance in tuberculosis (TB) is a growing public health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Factors such as delayed diagnosis, inadequate treatment adherence, limited access to drug susceptibility testing, and fragmented healthcare systems contribute to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant TB. This article aims to present pharmacist-led pharmaceutical care strategies with practical recommendations to curb the development and spread of multidrug-resistant TB in LMICs. Promising interventions include patient-centred education, structured adherence support to reduce treatment interruption, and the integration of simplified diagnostic approaches, such as dried blood spot testing. Furthermore, collaborative healthcare efforts among pharmacists, physicians, patients, and other public health stakeholders, are essential to improving treatment outcomes and mitigating the impact of drug-resistant TB.