Advances in 3D bioprinting of functional biomaterials for neural tissue engineering.

3D bioprinting has emerged as a transformative technology in neural tissue engineering, enabling the precise fabrication of complex, biomimetic scaffolds to address challenges in neural repair. This review synthesizes recent advancements in 3D bioprinting technologies, focusing on their integration with functional biomaterials to enhance neural regeneration. We systematically analyze key technical aspects, including inkjet, extrusion, and laser - assisted printing modalities, emphasizing their capabilities in constructing neural guidance scaffolds with tailored mechanical properties and bioactivity. Functional biomaterials such as natural polymers (alginate, gelatin), synthetic polymers (PLA, PVA), and bioceramics are evaluated for their roles in promoting cell adhesion, differentiation, and neurotrophic factor delivery. The application of 3D bioprinting in peripheral nerve injury repair, spinal cord injury treatment, and neurodegenerative disease modeling is critically reviewed, highlighting preclinical successes and translational potential. Current bottlenecks, including printing precision, material stability, and clinical scalability, are discussed alongside future directions such as smart responsive materials and AI - integrated bioprinting systems. This work underscores the synergy between advanced biomaterials and 3D bioprinting as a promising avenue for developing personalized neural therapies.