Effects of Empagliflozin on Sarcopenia Risk, Body Composition, and Muscle Strength in Type 2 Diabetes: A 24-Week Real-World Observational Study.

Background and

Objectives

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are increasingly used in type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to their cardiorenal benefits and weight-lowering effects. However, concerns have emerged regarding their potential adverse impact on lean mass and muscle strength particularly in patients at risk for sarcopenia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of empagliflozin on skeletal muscle mass. Secondary objectives were to assess changes in glycemic control, body weight, fat mass and handgrip strength. Materials and

Methods

In this 24-week real-world observational study, 31 adult patients with T2D were assigned to either empagliflozin or non-SGLT2i treatment groups. Patients did not receive a high-protein diet, a resistance exercise program or any other weight-reducing medications such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies. Anthropometric measurements, body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and handgrip strength testing were performed at baseline and after 6 months. Sarcopenia was defined according to EWGSOP2 criteria.

Results

The empagliflozin group showed significant improvements in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, body weight, waist circumference, and fat mass (p < 0.05 for all). No significant changes were observed in the empagliflozin group after 6 months in appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (from 7.81 ± 1.33 kg/m2 to 7.84 ± 1.38 kg/m2, p = 0.154). No statistically significant changes were observed in handgrip strength in either group.

Conclusions

Empagliflozin treatment over six months led to favorable changes in metabolic parameters and fat mass without detrimental effects on skeletal muscle mass or muscle strength. In clinical practice, the selection of antidiabetic therapies should consider individual glycemic targets, cardiovascular and renal risks, weight management, comorbidities and sarcopenia risk. Resistance exercises and adequate dietary protein intake should be recommended to preserve muscle mass in at-risk patients. Larger randomized trials are needed to confirm the long-term effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on body composition particularly in older adults.