Traumatic Elbow Instability: How to Fix It and When to Phone a Friend.

Traumatic elbow instability is a difficult condition to manage. Many surgeons consider the elbow a perplexing black box and evaluating damaged structures in the setting of pain and swelling a diagnostic challenge. Injury most commonly occurs from a fall onto an outstretched hand but also results from elbow dislocation, direct trauma, and sporting activities. The injury can initiate on the medial or lateral side, depending on forearm position at the time of injury, and usually follows a predictable pattern, with progressive instability caused by soft-tissue disruption and fractures of the medial or lateral column. Primary medial instability, lateral instability, and 
combined injury patterns have been described and discussed. Simple elbow dislocations and certain fractures can be managed nonsurgically, whereas complex patterns of instability and fracture-dislocations routinely require surgery. Stiffness and nerve injury are the most common complications and occur from both surgical and nonsurgical management. This chapter describes the diagnosis and management of traumatic elbow instability and the management of its sequela.