The Determinants of Bone Health in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Narrative Review.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex disorder associated with social and communication impairments and repetitive and restrictive behavioural patterns. Children with ASD often present with concurrent conditions, including poor bone health, which affect long-term health. Although there is compelling evidence to suggest that children with ASD have poorer bone traits than typically developing children, the primary factors associated with these differences are unclear. This review will explore the potential role that factors such as physical activity, nutrition (calcium, protein, vitamin C, vitamin D) and lifestyle (sleep, medication) play on bone health in children with ASD. Having a greater understanding of the influencing factors of low BMD and how these might interact in a synergistic manner in ASD children will provide an opportunity to develop targeted interventions to improve bone health aiming to avert attainment of suboptimal peak bone mass which may lead to early onset osteoporosis, fracture and muscle deconditioning in this paediatric population.