The Impact of Postoperative Urinary Diversion on Surgical Outcomes of Hypospadias Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pediatric Literature.

Background and

Objectives

The optimal postoperative urinary diversion strategy after hypospadias repair remains debated, with variability in type, material, and duration. Pediatric-specific data are limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate how urinary diversion type and duration affected surgical outcomes after pediatric hypospadias repair. Materials and

Methods

A systematic search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library (1995-2025) databases was conducted using PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251121638). Eligible studies included pediatric patients undergoing hypospadias repair with or without urinary diversion. Primary endpoints were diversion characteristics (type, material, duration); secondary endpoints included postoperative complications and re-operations.

Results

A total of 31 studies representing 4261 pediatric patients were analyzed, with 16 included in meta-analysis. Pooled estimates confirmed that bladder catheters were associated with significantly higher rates of general complications (wound/urinary tract infections, swelling, foreskin dehiscence) [p < 0.05] and re-operations [p < 0.05] compared to urethral stents. Conversely, urethral stents showed a greater risk of mechanical complications such as blockage and dislodgement [p = 0.001]. Meta-analysis of stented versus unstented procedures revealed no significant differences in major outcomes (fistula, stenosis, re-operations), although stented repairs showed a modest increase in minor complications. For catheterization length, pooled data suggested no significant advantage of prolonged (>5 days) versus shorter (≤5 days) diversion, despite descriptive analyses indicating more functional and general complications [p < 0.05] and re-operations [p = 0.004] after short diversion and more fistulas after prolonged diversion [p < 0.05].

Conclusions

Urinary diversion strategies significantly affected surgical outcomes after pediatric hypospadias repair. Urethral stents reduced general complications compared with bladder catheters but were prone to mechanical issues. Short diversion increased early complications, while prolonged catheterization increased fistula risk. No single approach proved universally superior; therefore, perioperative management should be individualized according to patient characteristics, hypospadias severity, and intraoperative findings. Further high-quality prospective trials are needed to define optimal diversion protocols.